Is the American economy too dependent on undocumented workers or is there a way to deport them and fill the labor shortage reasonably? What is the solution?

Migration Haitian RefugeesSalinas, CA

KEY ISSUES Why do people migrate? Where are migrants distributed? Why do migrants face obstacles? Why do people migrate within a country?

Net migration: difference between the # IMMIGRANTS and the # of EMIGRANTS Emigration: migration FROM a location Immigration: migration TO a location Net in-migration: immigrants > emigrants Net out-migration: immigrants < emigrants

Why do people migrate? Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University Emigration and immigration Change in residence. Relative to origin and destination.

PUSH: induces people to leave their present location PULL: induces people to come to a new location Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC What are some push/pull factors? ◦Any personal examples in your family? PUSH/PULL FACTORS

World Migration Routes Since 1700 European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Types of Migration International: one country to another ◦Primarily a phenomena in Stage 2 Demographic transition countries 2 Types ◦VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: chose to leave, usually for a good reason, not life or death ◦FORCED MIGRATION: see no other choice but to leave

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Voluntary migration ◦The migrant makes the decision to move. ◦Most migration is voluntary. ◦CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member has already migrated to an area “person follows someone else to a place” Forced Migration ◦Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process, or fears for their life. ◦Slavery.  About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and  In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. ◦Refugees. ◦Military conscription. ◦Children of migrants. ◦Situations of divorce or separation.

Key Term: Forced Migration

Types of Migration Internal: within the same country ◦Less traumatic, more common 2 Types ◦Interregional: one region to another ◦Intraregional: within same region ◦Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional migration is _______ to _______ areas in search of jobs.”

Types of Migration Internal Migration ◦Within one country. ◦Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries. ◦Movements between states or provinces. ◦Little government control. ◦Factors:  Employment-based.  Retirement-based.  Education-based.  Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University Why are there so many elderly people in Florida and Arizona?

Types of Migration Circular migration ◦A type of temporary migration. ◦Associated with agricultural work. ◦The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time. ◦Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers). Fall / Winter Spring Summer

Where else have we talked about guest workers?

Remittance: Remittance: transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country spatial interaction = “remittance corridor”

Interregional Migrations U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. ◦ Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications). Move from rural region to urban region

U.S. Migration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: California Armenians: ????

Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Voluntary African-American Migrations Great Migration: Black population moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

Intraregional Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs : STILL URBAN REGION U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Developed Countries: Suburbanization  automobiles and roads  ‘American Dream’  better services Counterurbanization  idyllic settings  cost of land for retirement  slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization  migration from rural areas  lack of jobs in countryside  lack of services in cities  Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Lagos, NigeriaMumbai, IndiaMexico City, Mexico

U.S. Immigration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Two Big Waves: : W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 ◦ Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans ◦ During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)  Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans ◦ Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea ◦ Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. Immigration Policies  1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)  1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas  1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas  1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West  1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000  1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum  1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.  1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000  1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills: ◦480,000 - to relatives of people here ◦ 140,000 - to those with special skills and education ◦ 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia) Current Total: 675,000

U.S. Immigration Patterns

They often don’t return to their home country ◦1970’s Asian immigration to U.S. (China & India) Large scale emigration by talented people People leave LDC’s and move to MDC’s for better suited opportunities to their skills BRAIN DRAIN

US Population by Race and Ethnicity, Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998 Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) MaleFemale Male Foreign BornNative Age Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration. 1. Most migrants go a short distance, within same country. 2. Long distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity. 3. Urban residents migrate less than rural residents 4. Most long distance migrants are male. 5. Most long distance migrants are single without families.

Forced Migration The Trail of Tears, 1838