Services

What are services? Any activity that meets your want or need and $ is exchanged for providing it First points to discuss: ▫What are types of services? ▫Where in space do we find services? ▫Why are services found there?

All Tertiary Industries… But need to be subdivided as grow more complex ▫Quaternary: collection, processing of information & capital  Finance, legal, computer service, admin ▫Quinary: facilitate complex decision making & advancements  Scientific research, higher education, high- level management

Types of Services Consumer- ½ of US jobs ▫Retail & Wholesale-  Sell goods (restaurants, shops, etc)  Slowest to grow (need fewer workers) ▫Personal Services-  Education*-  Often split with public-sector services  Health-  Fastest growing  Leisure & Hospitality-  Entertainment next increase

Types of Services Business- ¼ of US jobs ▫Producer Services-  Financial-“FIRE”  Lgst % right now  Professional- lawyers, engineers  Fastest growing  Support- advertising, janatorial ▫Transportation & Information-  Trucking to broadcasting  Slowest growth (improved efficiency) ▫Consumer & Business: ½  2/3 jobs (‘72 to ‘06)

Types of Services Public- 16% of US jobs (9% w/o teachers) ▫Split b/w federal, state, and local govn’ts ▫Overall decline  Federal dropped  State & local increased

Origin of Services Nomads need services  permanent settlement  families cluster  consumer & public services begin  business services evolve ▫Consumer:  Burial services, construction, make & repair tools, education, theater/entertainment, train livestock ▫Public:  Political leaders, military (soldiers, wall builders) ▫Business:  Trade officials, transportation control, storage

Types of Early Settlements Clustered Rural Settlements: ▫Families live close, fields surround community ▫Hamlet or Village-  Necessary living structures clustered w/ consumer service structures; possibly public & business  Strips of land surround settlement (1/2-1 mile)  Personal, communal, or feudal ▫As grows, satellite settlements form ▫Culture/geography determines shape  Circular or linear

Kraal (corral); Masai in East Africa Clustered; New England

Types of Early Settlements Quebec- French long-lot New England- clustered ▫Homogenous culture share services ▫Less land available ▫Would later disperse as culture changed; population grew Southeast- plantation ▫Clustered services on one large plantation

Types of Early Settlements Mid-Atlantic- dispersed ▫Individual farms isolated from neighbors ▫More heterogeneous ▫Followed settlers into Midwest  Large tracts of land available, multiple immigrant grps Great Britain- clustered  dispersed ▫Enclosure Movement ( )  Consolidated fragmented strips into one large farm  More efficient (travel & machines)  Ppl moved to cities during IR instead

Central Place Theory Walter Christaller Central Places in Southern Germany Originally published in 1933, translated into English in 1966 DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Central Place Theory Christaller’s observations: ▫More small places than big ▫Big places farther apart than small places ▫Relatively constant ratio of big places to small places Central Place- ▫A settlement/market whose livelihood depends on the sale of G&S to ppl in surrounding area Market Area- ▫Area surrounding a service center from which customers are attracted

DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Settlement Sizes Hamlet Village Town City Metropolis DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

ASSUMPTIONS “If... “ Isotropic Surface –“featureless plain” with no barriers to movement Even Population Distribution – similar in purchasing power and behavior Homo Economicus –“economic man” with purely economic motives Integrity of the Law of Supply and Demand –customers needed for a business to stay open DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

OUTCOMES “Then... “ There will be a regular spatial order in the number of central places of different population sizes. –Few large places –Many small places There will be a regular spatial order in the spacing of central places of different population sizes. –Large places relatively farther apart –Small places relatively closer together DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

How far are you willing to travel… For milk/sugar/eggs? To buy clothing? To buy a television? To buy a car? To attend a sports activity? To see a General Practitioner? To attend a theater production? To attend a rock concert? To have cardiac surgery? To attend college?

A Hierarchy of Educational Services Hamlet: No Schools Village: Elementary School Town: High School City: College DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Stock Exchange Sports Stadium Regional Shopping Mall Major Department Store Income Tax Service Convenience Store Gas Station DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

How big is the trade area of a service center? It depends on... - How far a consumer is willing to travel for the service - How many customers a service needs DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Each central place function has a: Threshold: the minimum # of ppl needed to support a central place function ▫With fewer customers a store cannot afford to stay in business. Range: the maximum distance a person will travel to purchase a G&S (radius) ▫Beyond a certain distance people cannot afford the travel costs. DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Why do we not ever see a perfect central place hierarchy? Physical geography is impt! Topography and hydrography interfere. Consumer behavior is determined by more than economic considerations. The automobile has made long-distance travel popular (cheap and easy). People make multiple-purpose shopping trips, often bypassing the smallest places. The Internet has made it unnecessary to have customers nearby. DJ Zeigler, National Conference on Geography Education

Market- Area Analysis Profitability of a location ▫Compute Range & Threshold ▫Draw the circles on map and see if threshold is included w/in that market area ▫Competitor locations are factors Maximum profit= minimal distance to service for largest # of ppl Periodic Markets- permanent estab is not profitable ▫Come on specified days to specified location (farmers markets) ▫Good for lower-end G&S; sparse populations Foot loose firms- can easily be relocated since their location is not crucial to profit ▫Diamonds, computer chips, etc. (lightweight/valuable)

Market-Area Analysis Gravity Model: Optimal Location  Directly related to # of ppl  Inversely related to distance

Rank-Size Rule vs. Primate City MDCs show urban hierarchy ▫Rank-size rule= nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement  2 nd largest city is ½ largest city  3 rd largest city is 1/3 largest city ▫If rank-size rule exists  wealthy enough to have G&S provided throughout country If RSR does not exist  Primate City does ▫One large city that dominates econ/polit/culture ▫More than 2x the size of next lgst city

Examples Rank-Size Rule: US ▫#1= NYC 8 mil ▫#2= L.A. 3.8 mil ▫#3= Chicago 2.6 mil ▫#4= Houston2 mil Primate Cities: ▫London, Paris, Mexico City, Baghdad, Cairo