1 Cell Structures and Functions Parts that are familiar Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Golgi apparatus (dictysome) Endoplasmic reticulum RER SER Cell wall Vacuole Lysosomes Chloroplasts Ribosomes Mitochondria

2 Cell Structures and Functions What is their function? There’s more to add. Cell wall gives support and prevents too much water entering the cell Vacuole water balance, digestive area, store for pigments Lysosomes hydrolytic enzymes that digest Cytoplasm (cytosol) Nucleus contains nucleoplasm, chromatin and nucleoli Golgi apparatus (dictysome) modifies molecules, stores and transports Endoplasmic reticulum membranous tubules and sacs from nuclear membrane SER synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and other poisons

3 Cell Structures and Functions Introducing……. More on the nucleus Nuclear membrane (envelope) double membrane around nucleus Nuclear pores pores (100 nm) for movement of molecules Nucleolus spherical body in nucleus for rRNA transcription Nucleosomes DNA and proteins (histones) combined to give chromatin

4 Cell Structures and Functions Introducing…. The cytoskeleton proteins involved in cell structure and organelle arrangement Micro filaments (actin) smallest muscles, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division Intermediate filaments structural support and maintaining cell shape Microtubules chromosome movement, cell motility, cell division and cell shape Centrosomes only in animals and organise microtubules especially in cell division with 2 centrioles (MTOC)

5 Cell Structures and Functions Introducing……… Cells and movement Flagellum long whip like structure for propulsion Cilia hair like structures for movement and moving materials Basal body anchoring structures for cilia and flagella

6 Cell Structures and Functions Introducing….. Structures associated with membranes Endomembranes all membranes in cell including nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes Microbodies (peroximes) single membrane bound organelles with enzymes, function depends on cell type Microvilli projections from the membrane for uptake of materials

7 Cell Structures and Functions Introducing…… Plant cells connection and communication Plasmodesmata links plant cells and allows passage of water and protein Middle lamella polysaccharide between walls acting like glue

8 Cell Structures and Functions Essay Compare the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell with a typical eukaryotic cell