Announcements Midterm –Saturday, October 23, 4:30pm Office Hours cancelled today.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Outline Neuronal excitability Nature of neuronal electrical signals Convey information over distances Convey information to other cells via synapses Signals.
Advertisements

The passage and speed of an action potential
Mean = 75.1 sd = 12.4 range =
Excitable membranes action potential & propagation Basic Neuroscience NBL 120 (2007)
Announcements Volunteer note taker Tutorial next Thursday.
Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e Chapter 4: The Action Potential.
Nervous coordination 2 The nerve impulse.
1425 – 2004 The excitable tissues (Nerve+ Muscle).
Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
Resting potential Action potential
Gated Ion Channels A. Voltage-gated Na + channels 5. generation of AP dependent only on Na + repolarization is required before another AP can occur K +
Chapter 4 The Action Potential. Introduction Action Potential in the Nervous System –Conveys information over long distances –Cytosol has negative charge.
Propagation of the Action Potential The Central Dogma Of Excitable Tissues.
 Nerve fibers are classified according to:  Diameter  Degree of myelination  Speed of conduction Nerve Fiber Classification.
The Action Potential.
Nervous System All animals must respond to environmental stimuli
Action potentials do/are NOT - Proportional to the stimulus size - Act locally - Attenuate with distance - Spread in both directions - Take place in many.
Nervous System Neurophysiology.
Synapses A. Neuromuscular Junction (typical ACh synapse) 1. arrival of action potential at terminal bulb triggers opening of voltage-gated Ca ++ channels.
Generator Potentials, Synaptic Potentials and Action Potentials All Can Be Described by the Equivalent Circuit Model of the Membrane PNS, Fig 2-11.
Action Potentials and Conduction. Neuron F8-2 Axons carry information from the cell body to the axon terminals. Axon terminals communicate with their.
Dr.Sidra Qaiser. Learning Objectives Students should be able to: Define resting membrane potential and how it is generated. Relate Nernst Equilibrium.
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2. Important concepts from previous units: Energy can be associated with charged particles, called ions. Established concentration.
Announcements Tutorial next Thursday, Oct 9 –Submit questions to me Mid-term schedule Go vote!
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2. Animation 7Yk 7Yk.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Neuron Function Neurons are highly irritable Respond to adequate stimulus by generating an action potential (nerve.
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: Lines of Communication.
Nervous System: Part II How A Neuron Works. Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information,
Nerve Impulse. A nerve impulse is an impulse from another nerve or a stimulus from a nerve receptor. A nerve impulse causes:  The permeability of the.
Nerve Impulse. A nerve impulse is an impulse from another nerve or a stimulus from a nerve receptor. A nerve impulse causes:  The permeability of the.
P. Ch 48 – Nervous System pt 1.
Action Potential: Overview The action potential (AP) is a series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell.
Nervous System.
Neurons, Synapses, & Signaling Campbell and Reece Chapter 48.
Chapter 5: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
THE ACTION POTENTIAL. Stimulating electrode: Introduces current that can depolarize or hyper-polarize Recording electrode: Records change in Potential.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture.
Electricity Definitions Voltage (V) – measure of potential energy generated by separated charge Voltage (V) – measure of potential energy generated by.
The Nerve Impulse.. The Neuron at Rest The plasma membrane of neurons contains many active Na-K-ATPase pumps. These pumps shuttle Na+ out of the neuron.
The excitable tissues (Nerve+ Muscle). Objectives At the end of this lecture the student should be able to : Describe the voltage-gated sodium and potassium.
Box 3A The Voltage Clamp Technique
Box A The Remarkable Giant Nerve Cells of a Squid
Action Potential (L4).
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture.
The Action Potential & Impulse/Signal Propagation
Neural Communication: Action Potential Lesson 10.
Nerve Impulse Generation & Conduction
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 3. Synapse and Neurotransmitter.
Hole’s Human A&P Hole’s Text : pp Chapter 10 - The Nervous System, Part II  Resting Membrane Potential  Graded Potentials  Action Potential.
Nerve Impulses. Neuron Physiology Action Potentials- nerve impulses which are sent by a change in electrical charge in the cell membrane. Depends on ions.
AP - Overview (Click here for animation of the gates)
Neurons, Synapses, & Signaling Campbell and Reece Chapter 48.
PHYSIOLOGY 1 LECTURE 13 PROPAGATION of ACTION POTENTIALS.
Neurones & the Action Potential Neurones conduct impulses from one part of the body to another.
Nerve Action potential L 21
Electrical Properties of the Nervous System Lundy-Ekman, Chapter 2 D. Allen, Ph.D.
Action Potential and Properties of Nerves د. طه صادق أحمد 6/26/20161.
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2. Animation 7Yk 7Yk.
Action Potential & Propagation
Ionic Generation of Electrical Signals
Ionic Generation of Electrical Signals
Action Potentials and Conduction
Action Potential Lesson 11
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 3.
12-5 Action Potential Action Potentials
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2.
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 3.
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2.
AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 3.
Nerve Impulse (pp ).
Presentation transcript:

Announcements Midterm –Saturday, October 23, 4:30pm Office Hours cancelled today

Today Action Potentials continued –Aside about voltage-gated ion channels Action Potential Conduction

K+ Na+ Voltage-gated channels K+ leak channel Na+ K+ Section of Squid Axon Membrane Potential time

Stimulus & Threshold The stimulus depolarizes the membrane –Experimentally applied current –Synaptic potential –Receptor potential

Threshold The membrane potential at which Na flowing into the cell exactly equals the K flowing out of the cell A fraction more stimulus depolarization is required to ‘fire’ an action potential

Threshold Potential 0 mV -80 mV Small stimulus Vm below threshold Larger stimulus Vm above threshold

Membrane depolarization Increased Na permeability Na+ entry Positive Feedback  AP is regenerative  displays all-or-none behaviour Stimulus

Why does the AP stop rising? 1.As Vm  E Na, Na+ inflow stops 2.Na+ channels inactivate 3.K+ channels open, K+ outflow starts E Na

Refractory Period 1.A second stimulus very soon after the first will not fire an AP (Absolute) 2.With a delay, a second stronger stimulus will cause a small AP (Relative) 3.With longer delay a second AP can be fired

Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period A B C

Why is there Refractory Period? The Na channel stays inactivated for a short period of time after it closes Inactivated Open Closed Active Closed Active

Summary & Key Concepts 1.The AP is controlled by rapid changes in ionic permeability 2.Permeability is a function of voltage- gated ion channels 3.Threshold potential 4.Positive feedback 5.Refractory period has two phases

Voltage-gated ion channels –Transmembrane protein that forms a pore that ions can pass through –Usually very specific for an ion –Opening is controlled by Vm Depolarization causes channel to open –Closing is a property of the channel Some close quickly Some stay open

_ _ _ _ K+K+

Action Potential Conduction Axon hillock Region of neuron where AP usually starts

Action Potential Conduction Why are Action Potentials needed? 1.First look at current flow without APs. 2.Second look at current with APs

Announcements Tutorial tonight 5pm ARC

Passive Current Flow Record voltage Inject +’ve current axon

voltage distance 0.63V 0 0 Length constant

Passive Current 1.Current decays very rapidly along the length of an axon 2.The length constant is the distance over which the potential drops to 63% of the highest value 3.Typical length constants range only from 1-5 mm

Length Constant Depends on: 1.Resistance across the membrane (‘leakiness’) 2.Longitudinal resistance to current flow (varies with axon diameter)

Passive Current Flow Inject current axon Membrane Resistance Longitudinal Resistance

Action Potential Conduction Record voltage Stimulate Action Potential axon

Action Potential Conduction 1.APs constant amplitude at all points along the axon

Na+ Inject current

Na+ Inject current

Sequence of Events leading to AP propagation 1.Stimulus opens Na+ channels & cause AP 2.Depolarizing current flows down the axon 3.Local depolarization opens Na+ channels downstream & initiate a new AP 4.Na+ channels close (inactivate) & K+ channels open 5.Local depolarization opens Na+ channels downstream and initiate a new AP

Na+ Inject current

Conduction Velocity Record voltage Inject current axon Measure distance between recording sites Measure time between APs

1.Axon diameter 2.Myelination Small unmyelinated  0.5 m/s Large myelinated  120 m/s

Myelinated nerve Myelin Formed by: Schwann cells (periphery) Oligodendrocytes (central) Node of Ranvier

Myelin

Na+ Saltatory conduction

Myelin Myelin increases speed of conduction by: 1.Increasing membrane resistance Reduces ‘leakiness’   length constant 2.Voltage-gated channels only at Node of Ranvier APs generated only at the Node

Mulitple Sclerosis Demyelination of axons –Impaired AP conduction –Symptom depends on nerves affected Optic nerve  blindness Motor nerves  weakness or paralysis

Summary & Key Concepts 1.Currents flow passively down axon decay described by length constant 2.Action potentials propagation due to sequential opening of Na+ channels in response to local depolarization 3.Conduction velocity determined by axon diameter and myelination - length constant 4.Myelin  trans-membrane resistance and places Na+ channels only at Nodes Saltatory conduction