Integrating Sources

What are sources? Primary – Directly from the person (report) or time (letters / poetry/ books) Example: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Secondary – Criticism about the primary source or discussion of an experiment Example: Paul T. Thurston’s “Artistic Ambivalence in Chaucer’s Knight's Tale.” Tertiary – Collections about primary and secondary sources. Example: Beryl Rowland’s “Contemporary Chaucer Criticism.” NB: Some sources can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your question/ research.

Why do we use sources? Introduce and frame ideas and arguments Contrast ideas or arguments Provide evidence for your argument Align your argument with an authority Define a concept Illustrate a process Clarify a statement Set a mood Palmquist

Use of sources How can I use my sources to: Accomplish my purpose Address the needs and interests of my audience

What’s my purpose? Paper: Leading readers to the issue you are discussing or addressing Responding to your prompt Use of sources: Strengthening your argument with evidence Palmquist

How can I address the interests and needs of my audience? Analyze your assignment Discover your audience and their reasons for reading your paper Find what influences your readers Understand the type of document you are writing Know your limitations and weaknesses

Finding sources Look on the Library of Congress site for subject terms Googlescholar Generally has a smoother search function than the library Can put titles found into the Library database to find availability Library Easter egging helps Research Librarians are your friend Library databases Can search multiple places at once

Formatting sources Two types: Direct Quotes Paraphrasing Direct quotes should be integrated: A “careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present [an] argumen[t] that might be more pointed than you” would make (Palmquist 175). Paraphrasing MUST be cited

Direct Quote “an exact copy of words found in a source” Palmquist (133). Use quotation marks, unless it is a block quote, and cite Block quotes Page length MLA Uses direct quotes as supporting evidence APA Uses direct quotes rarely Only when it cannot be said better by paraphrasing

Direct Quote Integration Use partial, complete, and block quotations: Partial: a single word, phrase or most of a sentence Complete: one or more complete sentences Block: extended quotations – MLA: 4 lines or more/ APA: 40 words Modify quotes with ellipses, brackets, and “sic”: Ellipses: indicates … words Brackets: indicates added words [words to help fit the structure of the sentence] or to clarify meaning “sic”: indicates errors in a source See Palmquist page for punctuation conventions

Examples of modification The writing center is open from 9 am to 8 pm and serves all TAMUCC students. The writing center … serves all TAMUCC students. Directly from the book: “Your careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present arguments that might be more pointed than you might want to make on your own.” At use in our presentation: A “careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present [an] argumen[t] that might be more pointed than you” would make (Palmquist 175). In an interview with five year old Maddy, she discussed her father’s anger over her constant running in the house: “daddy was mad because I runned [sic] in the house and knocked over the table.”

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing a source means taking the meaning of a passage and putting it in your own words (Palmquist 135). Do not use quotation marks Do cite MLA Uses paraphrased sources as supporting evidence APA Prefers paraphrasing Paraphrasing allows the distribution of information in a compact and concise manner

When paraphrasing, do not… Copy another person’s work word for word! Substitute synonyms for words in the original text! This is considered plagiarism.

Problems when substituting words… It may be too close to the original text It may reflect the author’s “creative” use of language It may distort the original meaning It may be grammatically incorrect

Effectively Integrating Sources How do you create strong evidence? The Quotation Sandwich Idea + Quotation + Explanation = Evidence Boeck

Claim Clearly state your claim – point – idea. Anime is part of a cultural art that has existed for centuries and adapts to cultural shifts. Find a quote that supports this. Boeck

Quote Before using a quotation in your paper, you should introduce it. Make a smooth transition from your own words to those of another source. – Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that “Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social- economic groups” (1). Avoid dropped quotes in a paper by using a signal phrase Boeck

Signal Phrase May Include: Author’s name and a verb Title of work Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that “Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social-economic groups” (1). TIP: Read your sentence aloud without quotes to ensure an integrated quote. Boeck

Explain Create a sentence that explains its significance Show how it supports your claim Explain how this supports the focus of your paper Because of its adaptability, Anime’s popularity as a cultural art has endured as a separate art form since the nineteen thirties. Boeck

Make the Sandwich Anime is part of a cultural art that has existed for centuries and adapts to cultural shifts. Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that “Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social-economic groups” (1). Because of its adaptability, Anime’s popularity as a cultural art has endured as a separate art form since the nineteen thirties.

Works Cited Boeck, Dawn. Integrating Sources. Paper. Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, Print. Gladden, Jonathan. Animania: Inside the World of Japanese Animation and Comic Art. Paper. Ohio State University, Web. Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. 2 nd ed. Boston, NY: Bedford/ St. Martin's, Print.

References Boeck, D. (2011). Integrating sources. Informally published manuscript, Writing Center, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. Gladden, J. (1997). Animania: inside the world of Japanese animation and comic art. Informally published manuscript, Advanced Computing Center for the Arts, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved from Palmquist, M. (2006). The Bedford researcher. (2nd ed. ed.). Boston, NY: Bedford/ St. Martin's.

Integration Activity! Take a source for your current paper, find a quote, and make a sandwich.