Chapter 10, Lesson 3 Kingdoms & Crusades It Matters Because: The development of law & government during the Middle Ages still affects us today.

I. Royal Power in England A. Late 800s, Viking raids nearly destroyed Anglo-Saxons 1. Island of Britain home to many small kingdoms Alfred, King of Wessex 2. Alfred, King of Wessex united people to end Viking raids Alfred the GreatAngleland 3. Alfred the Great’s united kingdom called Angleland, soon England Edward the Confessor B. In 1066, Edward the Confessor died without an heir Anglo-Saxon 1. Last Anglo-Saxon King of England Harold Godwinson 2. Harold Godwinson, an English noble, claimed the throne William, the Duke of Normandy 3. William, the Duke of Normandy claimed the throne Harald Hardrada 4. Harald Hardrada, the King of Sweden claimed the throne

II. William the Conqueror William of NormandyHarold Godwinson Battle of Hastings A. William of Normandy defeats Harold Godwinson at Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror 1. Wm becomes King, known as William the Conqueror B. Anglo-Saxon nobles rebelled at first 1. Wm took A-S land and gave it to his own knights census Domesday Book C. Wm takes first census since ancient Rome in a record called the Domesday Book census 1. census - official count & survey of a population

III. The Domesday Book A. Why take a census? 1. Wm wanted to know his kingdom 2. To collect taxes fairly B. Why do we care? Because we take a census in the US 1. Population a. determines representation in Congress b. determines how/where tax money is spent 2. Demographics - understand the break down of gender, age, race, religion, etc.

IV. English Kings Henry II A. Henry II ruled England, Ruled England, Ireland, most of Wales 2. Was also a lord of parts of Scotland & France 3. Set up courts of law throughout his kingdom 4. Established trials by jury Richard the LionheartJohn 5. Father of Richard the Lionheart & John B. Richard I (the Lionheart) B. Richard I (the Lionheart) ruled England, Crusades 1. Spent most of his reign fighting Crusades in the Middle East 2. Known as “The Lionheart” because of his courage in battle Saladin 3. Fought against skilled Muslim general, Saladin

John C. John became king in 1199 when brother, Richard the Lionheart, died John IJohn of EnglandJohn Soft Sword 1. Known as John I, John of England, or John Soft Sword a. “Soft Sword” because he went to battle often, but usually lost 2. Warred with France, lost English territories in France 3. Raised taxes to pay for wars 4. Arrested, punished enemies without trials Magna Carta 5. Forced to sign Magna Carta by English nobles 6. Refused to honor Magna Carta, leading to civil war IV. English Kings

V. The Magna Carta Magna Carta A. Nobles rebelled against John & forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”) 1. Placed limits on king’s power to tax & guaranteed freemen many rights Great Council 2. King must share authority with council of nobles known as the Great Council B. Magna Carta strengthened idea that people have rights & power of government should be limited 1. Inspired future documents, including American Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, & Bill of Rights BrainPop

VI. The Crusades Muslim Turks A. During the 1000s, Byzantine Empire was attacked by Muslim Turks 1. The Turks defeated the Byzantines and seized Byzantine land in Asia Minor B. Byzantine Emperor asked Pope to send army to save his empire 1. Pope agreed, hoped Byzantine church would reunite with Catholic “crusade” (holy war) 2. Pope urged European nobles to begin a “crusade” (holy war) against Muslim Turks Jerusalem “Holy Land” 3. Pope wanted European Christians to take back Jerusalem & rest of the “Holy Land”

C. Thousands of European crusaders on horseback & on foot marched east on the First Crusade 1. In 1099, they reached Jerusalem 2. Conquered several Muslim kingdoms & controlled many states in Asia D. Second Crusade fought in 1170s; Muslim invaders retook Jerusalem Saladin 1. Muslims were led by brilliant general Saladin E. During Third Crusade of the late 1100s & early 1200s, Muslims recaptured all lost territory VI. The Crusades

VII. Legacy of the Crusades A. Kings & soldiers returning from Crusades brought back knowledge Muslim architecture 1. Muslim architecture: domes & mosaics Navigation 2. Navigation: better ships, more accurate maps, how to use compass Goods 3. Goods: wealthy Europeans began to demand spices, sugar, lemons, silk B. Crusades weakened feudalism, strengthened power of kings 1. Lords returned from Crusades in debt to kings C. 200 years of war led to anger & mistrust between Christianity & Islam that exists today BrainPop