Literary Terms and Rhetorical Devices We will be using these literary terms throughout the school year. You need to keep up with your notes. Don’t lose your terms! You might be able to use them – be RESPONSIBLE!!

We will use the following terms: AntagonistProtagonistDiction DenotationConnotationImagery MoodPlot Anaphora ExpositionRising ActionClimax Falling ActionResolutionConflict FlashbackForeshadowingSuspense Point of ViewParadoxParallelism SettingThemeTone Figures of SpeechHyperbole IronyAntithesisJuxtaposition MetaphorSimileOxymoron PersonificationAlliteration

Indirect vs. Direct Characterization Indirect When information is learned about the character through the speech/dialogue Ex: “Oh, I’m so upset that I can’t reach the sardines on that top shelf!” Direct When the author gives descriptions/information about the character Ex: He was a short man that loved sardines.

Protagonist The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature? Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature?

Antagonist The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist. The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist.

Character Types There are several character types:  Main character-one of the most important characters in the story.  Minor character- all other characters.  Round character- they show varied and contradictory traits.  Flat character- reveals only one personality trait.

Character Types Cont.  Stereotype- a flat character that is familiar and often repeated. (Dumb Blonde, Dumb Jock, Band Nerd, etc.).  Dynamic character- develops within in the course of a literary work.  Static character- they remain the same throughout the entire story.  Foil- a character, usually minor, designed to highlight qualities of a major character.

Diction Diction is the manner in which we express words; the wording used. Diction is the manner in which we express words; the wording used. Diction = enunciation Diction = enunciation Some easy examples are: Some easy examples are: Don’t say ‘goin’ – say ‘going’, Don’t say ‘wanna’ – say ‘want to’

Denotation The denotation of a word is its dictionary meaning, independent of other associations that the word may have.

Connotation The connotation of a word is the set of it in addition to its explicit meaning. The connotation of a word, based on individual experiences. More often, cultural connotations – those recognizable by most people in a group – determine a writer’s word choices. The connotation of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. The connotation of a word can be personal, based on individual experiences. More often, cultural connotations – those recognizable by most people in a group – determine a writer’s word choices.

Denotation versus Connotation Examples – Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap

Let’s use the word HOT The denotation (or dictionary definition – remember d in denotation = dictionary) of HOT is: having a temperature higher than that of a human body. However, when you say “Man! He/She is hot!”, are you saying “Man! He is having a temperature higher than that of a human body!”? No!! You are saying the CONNOTATION of HOT – which could mean a variety of things – man he/she is cute, attractive, beautiful, and many other meanings – those come from personal experiences and cultural meanings, etc.

Imagery Imagery is words or phrases that. Writers use imagery how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell. Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.

MOOD Mood, or atmosphere, is by a literary work or passage. Writers use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. and then sustains the mood throughout. Mood, or atmosphere, is the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage. Writers use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then sustains the mood throughout. Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.

Plot The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth. Plot is the sequence of events. The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the plot involves both characters and a In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the plot involves both characters and a central conflict. The plot usually that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed. The until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the. The climax is followed by the, or end, of the central conflict. Any events that occur during the falling action make up the. The plot usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed. The conflict then increases until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. The climax is followed by the falling action, or end, of the central conflict. Any events that occur during the falling action make up the resolution.

PLOTLINE Exposition Resolution Rising Action Climax Falling Action Conflict Introduced

Exposition The Exposition is the. It is the part of the work that introduces the. The Exposition is the introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

Rising Action Rising Action is the part of the plot that begins to occur. The rising action to the conflict and. Rising Action is the part of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

Climax The Climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

Falling Action Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

Resolution The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by. The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

Conflict Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.

External Conflict External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society

Internal Conflict Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. Man vs. Himself

Flashback A flashback is a literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character.

The movie Titanic is told almost entirely in a flashback. What are some other films that contain flashback to help tell stories?Holes Willy Wonka Think of some more… Flashback continued…

Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

Can you think of an element of foreshadowing?

Suspense Suspense is the growing interest and excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature. It is a feeling of anxious uncertainty about the outcome of events. Writers create suspense by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

Point of View Point of View is the, or vantage point,.. Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story. is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun First-person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as and to refer to the characters. Third-person limited point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters. Third-person omniscient- same as limited but the narrator is all knowing.

Setting The setting of a literary work is the time and place of the action. The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home. In most stories, the setting serves as a backdrop – a context in which the characters interact. The setting of a story often helps to create a particular mood, or feeling.

Theme The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

Tone Tone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke and emotional response from the reader.. For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

A brief word on tone and theme Diction creates Tone… Tone creates Theme… The Theme of a story is NEVER one word!!! Example: The theme of Romeo and Juliet is NOT “Love”. What was Shakespeare really saying about teenage love?

Figures of Speech A figure of speech is a specific device or kind of figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, or understatement. Figurative language is used for descriptive effect, often to imply ideas indirectly. It is not meant to be taken literally. Figurative language is used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways.

Metaphor A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as. Example: Life is a box of chocolates. of chocolates.

Simile A Simile is another figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like or as. Example: Her voice was like nails on a like nails on a chalkboard. chalkboard. NOT a simile: I am not as fast as Michael. (there is NO comparison of unlike things going on here)

Oxymoron An Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is a combination of seemingly contradictory words. Examples:Same difference Pretty ugly Jumbo shrimp

Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics. Example:Tears began to fall from the dark clouds.

Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Irony Irony is when something happens that is the opposite of what’s expected. Dramatic Irony: when the audience knows what will happen before the characters Situational Irony: when something happens that’s unexpected Verbal Irony: when a character says one thing but means another (over/understated)

Hyperbole A hyperbole is an extreme over-exageration. Ex: Yo mama’s so fat, she’s got her own zip code.

Paradox A statement that contradicts itself Ex: I always lie. Ex: She hid inside herself.

Anaphora The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses; it helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect. Ex: I have a dream…

Parallelism Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs.

Example of Parallelism "Today's students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains. If they can conceive it and believe it, they can achieve it. They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that will determine their altitude." - Jesse Jackson

Juxtaposition Juxtaposition is a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. Ex: “O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;” Shakespeare uses the juxtaposition of light and darkness here to describe Juliet’s beauty.

Antithesis Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Ex: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,…”

Allusion An allusion is a reference, within a literary work, to another work of fiction, a film, a piece of art, a person, or even a real event. Example: California Love by Tupac and Dr. Dre -Now let me welcome everybody to the wild, wild west A state that's untouchable like Elliot Ness -I been in the game for ten years makin rap tunes ever since honeys was wearin sassoon Now it's '95 and they clock me and watch me Diamonds shinin lookin like I robbed Liberace