KIFO – Centre for Church Research 1 Religion in Norway: From Norse religion to Lutheran State Church Pål Ketil Botvar, KIFO

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 2 Questions to discuss How was the Lutheran State Church established in Norway? In what way has the pietistic laymen`s movement influenced the Church? What role did religion play in the struggle for democracy and national freedom? How has secularization influenced the population? What impact has the individualization process had on religion? Does religion still play a role in public life?

Members in religious communities 2009 KIFO – Centre for Church Research 3

4 Summary – public religion

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 5 866

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 6 Hans Nielsen Hauge ( ) Born in Tune in Østfold (south-east) Had a religious experience in 1796 Set out to convert people to ”true Christianity” Started a revival-movement within the Church Critical to the clergy but not to the state church system Started many new industries Imprisonned for many years (”The Haugians” painted by A. Tidemand 1852)

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 7 Hans Nielsen Hauge

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 8 The Haugians (A. Tidemand 1852)

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 9 The Parliament of Norway,1866

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 10 Summary – history Norway Christianized around 1000 by Olav Haraldson Lutheran State Church after the Reformation Hans Nielsen Hauge formed religious life Many pietistic missionary movements formed ca They laymen supported the fight for national freedom The church was split in the view on Parliamentarism The countercultural movements opposed the urban elites The church reunited in the fight against unbelief Christian People Party built on the laymen's movement

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 11 Religion in Norway Secularisation or re-sacralisation?

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 12 Questions to discuss: How has secularization influenced the population? What are the implications of religious privatization? Does religion still play a role in the public life? In what way does Norway differ from USA and EU?

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 13 Structural changes in Norway

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 14 Belief in God

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 15 Belief in Christian dogmas

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 16 Religious behaviour

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 17 Alternative religiousity

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 18 Religious versus spiritual

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 19 Summary ”religious beliefs” Some decline in Christian view of God More people are ”non-believers” Decline in traditional religious behaviour As many as before are ”religious” New forms of spirituality on the rise Still strong position of national Church Secularization at a lower speed..

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 20 Views on public religion, 2008

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 21 Who can wear religious symbols?

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 22 Religious symbols in military – gender/age

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 23 Religious symbols in Military – education

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 24 Religious symbols in Military – geography

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 25 Religious symbols in Militarty – attendance

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 26 Religious symbols in Military – pol parties

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 27 Summary – public religion Attitudes varies with nearness to the state Tolerance for religious leaders in media Low tolerance for religion in politics Women, young, educated tolerant People in Oslo more tolerant than others People in cities more tolerant than others Church active more tolerant than others

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 28 Belief in God ISSP 2008

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 29 Religious practise ISSP 2008

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 30 Views on religion ISSP 2008

KIFO – Centre for Church Research 31 Summary–international comparison Norwegians do not believe as much in God as Americans Norwegians believe more often in ”a higher power” Norwegians go less often to chuch, but visit ”holy places” as often as Americans Norwegians and Americans have the same level of confidence in the churches and are both against religious leaders influencing government decitions