Chapter 10-1 The Oceans
World Ocean – body of salt water covering much of the Earth’s surface Ocean – major body of salt water Sea – smaller body of salt water Gulf – body of salt water almost surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean Bay – smaller body of salt water surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean * 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water
Pacific Ocean *more than half the volume of the world’s ocean water *noted as the deepest and largest; averages 4.3 km deep Atlantic Ocean *second largest ocean; averages 3.3 km deep Indian Ocean *third largest ocean; averages 3.8 km deep
Oceanography – study of the Earth’s oceans *Geography considers polar seas as oceans; for this book, oceanographers see them as extensions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans
Chapter 10-2 Exploring the Oceans
Deep sea drilling Ocean floor composition Thousands of ocean floor samples from around the Earth Up to 4 miles deep into the seafloor bed
SONAR – echo sounding system that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor * SOund Navigation And Ranging
Satellite imaging
submersible – underwater research vessel
ages/trieste1.jpeg e/earthscience/pow/images/bathys phere.gif nel/titanic/images/dis_14.jpg Bathyscaph or Bathyscaphe Bathysphere Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) Modern deep sea submersible
Tube worms have estimated lifespan of years Ecosystem depends on Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) energy from the earth. 23/galapagosquest/vents.jpg ms.gif
Chapter 10-3 Properties of the Oceans
Salinity – amount of dissolved salt in ocean water
Main ions (g/kg) at a salinity of 35 0 / 00 Sodium (Na+) Magnesium (Гg++) Calcium (Лэ++) Potassium ( +) Strontium (Sr++) Chlorine (Cl+) Sulphates (SO 4 --) Hydrocarbons (ХЛ‘ 3 -) Bromine (¬r- ) Fluorine (F-) Boric acid (Х 3 ¬‘ 3 ) d/seemore2.html
Thermocline – layer of ocean water in which the temperature drops sharply with depth
Desalination – process which removes salt from ocean water
Chapter 10-7 Ocean sediments
Nodule – lump found on the ocean floor Ooze – ocean sediment that contains the remains of many ocean organisms
Ocean sediment is made up of these things from nature eroded material from land mass – runoff remains of organisms dust and ash from volcanoes dust from space anything falling into the sea that sinks will settle on the bottom
Nodules are made up of these valuable elements: manganese (20%) iron (10%) copper (0.3%) nickel (0.3%) cobalt (0.3%) Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.