21 HAPTOPHYTES

6 Oceans = 2/3 of Earth’s Surface Carbonate Deposits = ½ of Ocean Floor Haptophytes Contribute ¼ of Carbonate on Ocean Floor 7 **Haptophyte Significance

Haptophyte Significance 30 Haptophytes Contribute at least 25% of Vertical Carbon Transport to Ocean Floor (Graham et al. 2008)

14 15 Flagella, Haptonema

8 Haptonema Function 1)Obstacle Avoidance 2) Adhesion 3) Phagocytosis

1 External Covering 24 2) Organic Scales 1) Naked

Figs. 10.7, 10.8 in Graham et al Organic Scale Formation

External Covering 3) Coccoliths

Coccosphere

A) Non-CoccolithiphoreB) Coccolithiphore Haptophyte Forms

HeterococcolithsHolococcoliths Coccoliths

Holococcolith Formation

Figs in Graham et al. 2008

Heterococcolith Formation Fig in Graham et al. 2008

Coccolith Function 1)Focusing Light 2)Limit Access by Bacteria, Viruses 3) Retard Herbivory 4) Buoyancy Regulation Fig in Graham et al. 2008

Coccolith Formation and Photosynthesis HCO Ca 2+ CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O

Fig in Graham et al Chloroplast Structure Four membranes Chl a, c, β-Carotene, Fucoxanthin

Putative Chloroplast Origin in Haptophytes

Cell Division (Mitosis, Cytokinesis) Fig in Graham et al. 2008

Heterococcoliths (2n) Holococcoliths (n) Sexual Life Cycle

Asexual Reproduction Holococcoliths Heterococcoliths Prymnesium Species A (n) Prymnesium Species B (2n)

28 Haptophyte Significance Isochrysis 29Pavlova lutheri

Phaeocystis is a Haptophyte. It forms a gelatinous colony. It is believed that their decaying remains are the cause of the foam on the sea shore. 10 Phaeocystis Colony 11 Haptophyte Significance

27 Chrysochromulina 26 Prymnesium parvum Haptophyte Significance

22 Phaeocystis Colony Emiliania Fig in Graham et al Haptophyte Significance DMS (Volatile) Production

Haptophyte Significance 30 Haptophytes Contribute at least 25% of Vertical Carbon Transport to Ocean Floor (Graham et al. 2008)

6 Oceans = 2/3 of Earth’s Surface Carbonate Deposits = ½ of Ocean Floor Haptophytes Contribute ¼ of Carbonate on Ocean Floor 7 **Haptophyte Significance

12 13 Isle of Wight Chalk Cliffs 17 Haptophyte Significance

Putative Phylogeny

px-Emiliania_huxleyi_3.jpg sediments-facies.jpg 7 Graham and Wilcox Fig in Graham and Wilcox 2000

9 CDIAC_glob_c_cycle.gif phaeocystis450.jpg 12 lrg625/ _Akaroa_Bay-NZ-coccolith_of_Gephyrocapsa_oceanica- Apr-05_m05-2.jpg 13 Fig in Wilcox and Graham Fig in Wilcox and Graham

carbonate%20crystals.jpg images/p_parvumbuzan.jpg

29 microalgal002.gif 30