G ENETICS AND H EREDITY

H EREDITY Passing characteristics from parent to offspring

CHARACTERISTICS physical traits

I NHERITED CHARACTERISTICS Passed from parent to offspring Hair color Eye color Seed type Flower color

A CQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS Acquired through experience or decisions. Not passed to offspring Scars Tattoos Broken limbs

G ENETIC MATERIAL Held in DNA

G ENES Is DNA that codes for something Basic unit of heredity Found on chromosomes

G ENE EXPRESSION When a gene makes something

G ENETIC VARIATION Differences in genes

ALLELES Alternate forms of a gene

D OMINANT ALLELES Are always expressed, if present

R ECESSIVE ALLELES Are only expressed if there is no dominant allele

H ETEROZYGOUS ALLELES Two different alleles

H OMOZYGOUS ALLELES Two alleles are the same

PHENOTYPE How the alleles make the organisms look

GENOTYPE The alleles an organism has

P UNNETT SQUARE Used to predict offspring characteristics

M ONOHYBRID CROSS Punnett square with only one trait

M UTATIONS A change in the sequence of an organism's genetic material

POINT MUTATION a mutation in a single base pair in a strand of DNA. cystic fibrosis colorblindness hemophilia sickle cell anemia

S ELECTIVE B REEDING when humans breed organisms with specific qualities that will result in a specific type of offspring.