Napoleon’s Rise to Power aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege. aEarlier military career  the Italian Campaigns:   he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.  In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

Europe in 1800

Napoleon as “First Consul” aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.” aWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, aHe proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].  In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”  Two years later he proclaimed himself “Emperor.”

Concordat of 1801 aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest. aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Lycee System of Education aEstablished by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. aLycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student]. aLycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats. aEstablished by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. aLycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student]. aLycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

Code Napoleon, 1804

aUniform set of laws aEliminated many injustices aLimited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights aTook away many rights from women (right to sell property) aRestricted freedom of speech and the press aRestored slavery in the French colonies aUniform set of laws aEliminated many injustices aLimited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights aTook away many rights from women (right to sell property) aRestricted freedom of speech and the press aRestored slavery in the French colonies

Napoleon and His Code

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David

Napoleonic Europe

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)  BritainFrance  1805: Sea Power

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns  Britain Austria Russia (3 rd Coalition) France  1805: -Danube -Italy eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. eULM: France defeated Austria. eAUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

“Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche “Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns JENA: French Troops in Berlin! BERLIN DECREES (“Continental System”)  Prussia France  1806: Confed. of the Rhine 4th Coalition created

The Continental System aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF aGOAL  to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. aBerlin Decrees (1806)  British ships were not allowed in European ports. a“Order in Council” (1806)  Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aMilan Decree (1807)  Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. aThese edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF 1812.

The Continental System

British Cartoon

Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Grand Duchy of Warsaw FRIEDLAND: France defeated Russian troops : France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia!  Russia France  1806: Poland

Peninsular Campaign: ePortugal did not comply with the Continental System. eFrance wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. eSpain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!  Spain Portugal France  1806: Continental System

“The Spanish Ulcer” aNapoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 Fr troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. aNapoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. aHe proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. aHe stationed over 100,000 Fr troops in Madrid. aOn May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. aFr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte  King of Spain eLouise Bonaparte  King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy eNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)  King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

The “Big Blunder” -- Russia aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. aThe retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). aIn July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city. aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city.

Moscow Is On Fire!

The 6 th Coalition  Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  : Napoléon’s Defeat

Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813) eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory. eCoalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians. eNapoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. e100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. eFrench victory.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations” Memorial

Napoleon Abdicates! eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r )

“The War of the 7 th Coalition”  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days” eNapoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians. eNapoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. eMarie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prussian General Blücher

Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main Objectives eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. eIt’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: VReduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. VRestore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. eSupported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation VBalance of Power VLegitimacy VCompensation eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. eCoalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. eFrance would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

Changes Made at Vienna VThe neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. VBritain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. VSardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. VThe slave trade was condemned (at British urging). VFreedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna