MAXI STATUS 全天 X 線監視装置 M.Matsuoka NASDA-SURP 松岡 勝

Introduction X-ray ASM: one of the most important fields in the space astronomy. MAXI mission: to scan the entire sky every 90 minutes with X-ray slit cameras in order to record patterns of X-ray emission from thousands of astronomical objects. MAXI sensitivity: the best of so far realized X-ray ASM. MAXI enables us to monitor a short-term and long- term activities of weak extra-galactic objects as well as Galactic objects accompanying BH & NS.

History of X-ray All Sky Monitor -- ASM progress every Decade -- Vela 5 a&b (USA) late 1960 era  -ray bursts, X-ray novae > 100 mC Ariel 5 (UK) late 1970 era Systematic obs. of X-ray novae > 50 mC Ginga (Japan) late 1980 era Spectral obs. of X-ray novae > 30 mC RXTE (USA) late 1990 and now Systematic obs. of Galactic X-ray targets > 10 mC MAXI (Japan) ~ 2006AGN > 1 mC Lobster-ISS (UK &) ~ 2010 Syst. AGN ~ 0.1 mC

Time (days after outburst) Flux (Crab unit) X-ray spectra are detectable every day Detectable in one day Detectable in one week One Crab One m Crab Tanaka & Shibazaki, Annu. Rev.Astron. Astrophys. 34 (1996), 607 X-ray Nova Light Curves

Discovery of γ-ray Bursts Gamma-ray Bursts were discovered with ASM/Burst (Atomic Bomb) Monitor on Vela a&b of LANL (USA) in 1967.

Field of View of MAXI MAXI は 1.5x160 度の二つの細長い視野を持つ。 視野方向はそれぞれ、 ISS (International Space Station) の進行方向と天頂方向である ( 左図の赤線 ) 。 ISS が 90 分で軌道を一周するのに伴い 全天をスキャンする。

Grapple Fixture for a robot arm Radiator for X-ray CCDs Optical Star Sensor Solid-state Slit Cameras (SSC) : X-ray CCD Gas Slit Cameras (GSC) : X-ray gas proportional counter Electronics 180cm 80cm 100cm Total weight: 490 kg Overview of MAXI ATCS

358 mm One dimensional Proportional counter X-ray CCD 12 units for flight32 pieces for flight

Radiation Damage of CCD particls/cm 2 CTI/transfer Protons Electrons No damage CTI=Charge Transfer In-efficiency

Loop Heat Pipe & Radiator System CCD Peltier Power Out

Time (days after outburst) Flux (Crab unit) X-ray spectra are detectable every day Detectable in one day Detectable in one week One Crab One m Crab Tanaka & Shibazaki, Annu. Rev.Astron. Astrophys. 34 (1996), 607 X-ray Nova Light Curves and MAXI Detectability

Detectability of MAXI MAXI は 1mCrab 以上 の強度をもつ X 線源 （約 1000 個もの銀河 系内および系外天 体） を監視する。

Simulation of MAXI Observation One Orbit 5-month

ISS-JEM MAXI Ethernet/Command NASDA DRTS Command/ 1553B Dtata NASA Alart data Stored data MAXI Science team MAXI Data Communication System

Concept of Lobster-ISS (ESA) Launch: 2009 or later ! Micro channel mirror Image Detector Field of View 6 units

? ? MAXI Schedule 待機 ? H Now under TMM test!

Summary （日） 全天Ｘ線監視 (ASM) は宇宙観測の重要な分野。 MAXI は 90 分で太陽避けない場合 98%, 太陽避けて も 90% の宇宙を走査可能。 一時には、 Chandra/HST では 5/10000% の宇宙のみを観測。 ASM で予想外の発見がなされてきた。例えば、 HST や Chandra よりも遠い天体を捉える可能性あり。 ISS は全天走査観測に最も適している。 X 線 ASM は 1960 年代からなされほぼ 10 年毎に機器 及びサイエンスが発展。 JEM-MAXI そして ESA-Lobster-ISS は 21 世紀初頭の ASM の役割を果たし、宇宙物理学に貢献可能 。

Summary(E) X-ray ASM: one of the most important fields in the space astronomy. MAXI mission: to scan the entire sky every 90 minutes with X-ray slit cameras in order to record patterns of X-ray emission from thousands of astronomical objects. MAXI sensitivity: the best of so far realized X-ray ASM. MAXI enables us to monitor a short-term and long- term activities of weak extra-galactic objects as well as Galactic objects accompanying BH & NS.

ASM and Narrow Field Telescope ASM Narrow Field Teles. Observe many targets together Bursting objects Discovery, then inform to general observatories Long-term variability of many targets Wide field sky population of X-ray sources Redshift:   ~ 10 ? Observe only one target precisely for a certain time A scheduled target Follow up observations after ASM informations Short-term variability of some scheduled targets Detailed obs. of spectra and structure in narrow fov. Redshift:   ~ 7 Appendix A

Why is the X-ray band favorable for ASM? Flux in X-ray band is variable for most targets. Variety of targets: X-ray binaries, X-ray novae, AGN, Transients(BH, NS), Pulsars,  -ray bursts. Multi-colour observations stimulated by ASM discovery, they open new field of astronomy. Space detectors enable a whole sky obs. Now ASM astronomy is established, started from parasite instrument on main observatory. Appendix B