Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University The Lead Up to the Great War for Empire And other important matters…

CONTEST FOR A CONTINENT The Players 1. Spain 2. France & the New France 3. Holland: The New Netherland 4. Great Britain

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Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University EUROPEAN COMPETITION

Treaty of White Hall, 1686 Doctrine of Two Spheres “ Should war break out between the two crowns in Europe the subjects of both crowns in America would continue in peace, living as though no such war existed, without committing the least hostilities, by themselves or with their allies.”

B.A. (Not Barracus) First Tidewater War ( ) Pequot War (1637-Mystic River Battle) Second Tidewater War ( ) Bacon’s Rebellion (1675) King Philip’s War ( —Great Swamp Fight) King William’s War ( ) Queen Ann’s War ( ) – Southern Theater (1702 attack on St. Aug.) – Northern Theater Tuscarora War ( ) Yamassee War ( ) War of 1740’s – Cartagena Campaign – Attack on St. Augustine – Spanish Attack into Georgia – Louisburg Campaign Great War for Empire ( ) – Building of and Colonial attack on Fr. Duquesne (1754) – Battle of Lake George (1755) – 2 nd Battle of Fort Duquesne (1755) – Fort Ticonderoga (1758) – Louisburg Campaign under Amherst--Roger’s Rangers (St. Francis Raid-1759) – Fall of Quebec (1759) – Fall of Montreal (1760)

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Why would colonials fight in European conflicts?  Land/Territorial disputes  Fishing rights  Common ancestry with England  Religious differences  Competition over the fur trade  $$$--Privateering

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University British Sea Power  Increasingly, Britain’s Royal Navy controlled the seas  Privateers—merchant ships converted to warships which raided enemy supply lines – Privateering became a popular and lucrative industry in the American colonies. Why? This would antagonize both France and Spain, but particularly France.

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University King William’s War  King James II (England and a Catholic) was deposed by William and Mary (both Protestant) in The Glorious Revolution  King James flees to France (a Catholic nation led by the expansionist King Louis XIV—The Sun King)  King William joins The League of Augsburg and goes to war against France  The fight in N.A. pits England and its Iroquois allies against France and its Huron allies

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University K.W.W.  Count Frontenac (France) takes initiative in North America and attacks along the New York-New England frontier  The British and Colonial forces counter and the war stalemates – A “Tedious War” of frontier raids ensues – Demonstrates professional European militaries can provide little security on the frontier – K.W.W. ends with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 (the sides revert to prewar conditions)

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Queen Ann’s War  France remained unbeaten on the European battlefield and expands its empire in N.A. – Builds Ft. Detroit and settles in Louisiana – Sign a neutrality pact with the Iroquois (previously an English ally). Why? This shocks and scares both England and American colonials – The fighting in N.A. takes part on 3 fronts: FL, NE, and NY

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University British Fleet Commander Sir Hovenden Walker’s Failure  Commands the Quebec pincer  8/23/1711: Navy disaster. Amidst dense fog, Walker’s fleet strayed ashore, several ships foundered and over 1,000 men drowned.  What does Walker do? Blame the colonial forces! – The rift is growing between colonial and British forces…

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University War of the 1740’s  The English Colonies go to war against Spain and French  Oglethorpe attacks Saint Augustine  Colonial troops (Americans) sent to Cartagena with British professional soldiers to attack Spain – First time Americans sent abroad to fight – Treated badly by English soldiers

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Lessons Learned  There is a growing rift between colonial troops and British professional soldiers  The English look down on the Americans  Fighting Indians, Spain, and France is constant in the colonies  American History is military history

15 Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR,

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University NORTH AMERICAN CLAIMS

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Origins of the War  French & British Competition in the Ohio Valley Ohio Company of Virginia—asks crown for a charter to “settle” in Ohio King George II—grants 500K acres to the co.

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University OHIO COMPANY

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University FRENCH FORTS

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Origins of the War  The English make a deal with the Indian Half King allowing them to build a fort at Pittsburgh  The French force the English to surrender  Washington returns and ambushes a French diplomatic mission – The French officer is killed by the Half King while 22 y.o. Washington watches – Wash. Retreats and builds a fort (Ft. Necessity which the French attack and Wash. Surrenders after major defeat

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University George Washington

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Undeclared War in North America Benjamin FranklinAlbany Plan (1754) The Plan represented one of multiple early attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes." [ [

Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

French & Indian War Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Undeclared War in North America  Braddock’s Failed Mission – The Plan: an ambitious four pronged assault during the summer of  William Shirley, the Governor of Massachusetts, was to attack and seize Fort Niagara at the western end of Lake Ontario with a force of American troops and Indians.  Another colonial force, commanded by General William Johnson, was to capture Fort St. Frederic (also known as Crown Point) at the southern end of Lake Champlain.  A third attack to capture Fort Beausejour in Nova Scotia was assigned to General Robert Monckton and a combined force of British and American troops.  Braddock would lead two divisions of Irish infantry, English soldiers, and colonial militia men to attack Ft. Duquesne

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Maj. Gen. Edward Braddock

BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Braddock’s Defeat  The French at Ft. Duq understood they were outnumbered and couldn’t stand a seige. So they attack Braddock and Washington.  Of 1400 men: 500 killed, 500 wounded. Braddock is KIA. Washington nobly covers the retreat.  Had Braddock won, there would not have been a French and Indian War.

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University War is Declared  Indian Attacks and French Successes  The Indians’ guerrilla warfare hugely successful against European warfare Fort William Henry Col. George Munro LsVQ

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University MONTCALM

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War is Declared * Changing Tactics—more guerrilla tactics used. New Technologies: the Kentucky Rifle * Maj. Robert Rogers—Ranger/Scout unit, quite successful. **Battle of the Snowshoes (1757): Roger’s Rangers and British forces attacked by French. Heavy casualties but the Americans had the advantage b/c…

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University ROBERT ROGERS

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University ROGER’S RANGERS

KENTUCKY RIFLE Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University How did this weapon further revolutionize the way battles are faught and won? What are its advantages? What are its disadvantages?

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University WILIAM PITT’S WAR  Change in Strategy * Pitt wants to control the sea to starve the French * Pitt believes the Great War for Empire’s ultimate prize is North America * Control the seas, lots of military power (boots on the ground) in N.A.

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University WILLIAM PITT

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University WILIAM PITT’S WAR  Change in Strategy  Seizure of Louisbourg  Failure at Ticonderoga  Capture of Forts Duquesne & Frontenac  Jeffrey Amherst & James Wolfe Score Major Successes

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FORT TICONDEROGA

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BATTLE OF QUEBEC

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University BATTLE OF QUEBEC

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WILIAM PITT’S WAR  Change in Strategy  Seizure of Louisbourg  Failure at Ticonderoga  Capture of Forts Duquesne & Frontenac  Jeffrey Amherst & James Wolfe Score Major Successes  Rogers Attacks St. Francis  Capture of Montreal  Treaty of Paris (1763)

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University BRITISH GAINS

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University British-American Colonial Tensions ColonistsBritish Methods of Fighting Indian guerilla style tacticsMarch in formation or bayonet charge Military Organization Colonial militias served under own captains British officers wanted to take charge of colonials Military Discipline No military respect or protocols observed Drills and tough discipline Finances Resistance to raising taxesColonists should pay for their own defense Demeanor Casual, non-professionalsPrima Donna British officers with servants and tea settings

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Treaty of Paris (1763)  FRANCE: lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in Indian and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River  SPAIN: got all French lands west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans  ENGLAND: got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade and commercial dominance in India

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Effects of the War on Britain 1.It increased her colonial empire in the Americas 2.It greatly enlarged England’s debt 3.Britain’s contempt for the colonists created bitter feelings THEREFORE, ENGLAND FELT THAT A MAJOR REORGANIZATION OF HER AMERICAN EMPIRE WAS NECESSARY!!!

Copyright 2013 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Proclamation Line of 1763  King George III forbids Americans from settling west of the Appalachians – Why?