D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 1 Chapter 10: Futures Hedging Strategies It is often said in the derivatives business that “you cannot hedge history.” Dan Goldman Risk Management for the Investment Community, 1999, p. 16

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 2 Important Concepts in Chapter 10 n Why firms hedge n Hedging concepts n Factors involved when constructing a hedge n Hedge ratios n Examples of foreign currency hedges, intermediate- and long-term interest rate hedges, and stock index futures hedges

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 3 Why Hedge? n The value of the firm may not be independent of financial decisions because u Shareholders might be unaware of the firm’s risks. u Shareholders might not be able to identify the correct number of futures contracts necessary to hedge. u Shareholders might have higher transaction costs of hedging than the firm. u There may be tax advantages to a firm hedging. u Hedging reduces bankruptcy costs. n Managers may be reducing their own risk. n Hedging may send a positive signal to creditors. n Dealers hedge their market-making activities in derivatives.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 4 Why Hedge? (continued) n Reasons not to hedge u Hedging can give a misleading impression of the amount of risk reduced u Hedging eliminates the opportunity to take advantage of favorable market conditions u There is no such thing as a hedge. Any hedge is an act of taking a position that an adverse market movement will occur. This, itself, is a form of speculation.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 5 Hedging Concepts n Short Hedge and Long Hedge u Short (long) hedge implies a short (long) position in futures u Short hedges can occur because the hedger owns an asset and plans to sell it later. u Long hedges can occur because the hedger plans to purchase an asset later. u An anticipatory hedge is a hedge of a transaction that is expected to occur in the future. u See Table 10.1, p. 348 for hedging situations. Table 10.1, p. 348Table 10.1, p. 348

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 6 Hedging Concepts (continued) n The Basis u Basis = spot price - futures price. u Hedging and the Basis    (short hedge) = S T - S 0 (from spot market) - (f T - f 0 ) (from futures market)    (long hedge) = -S T + S 0 (from spot market) + (f T - f 0 ) (from futures market) F F If hedge is closed prior to expiration,  (short hedge) = S t - S 0 - (f t - f 0 ) F If hedge is held to expiration, S t = S T = f T = f t.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 7 Hedging Concepts (continued) n The Basis (continued) u Hedging and the Basis (continued) F Example: Buy asset for $100, sell futures for $103. Hold until expiration. Sell asset for $97, close futures at $97. Or deliver asset and receive $103. Make $3 for sure. u Basis definition F initial basis: b 0 = S 0 - f 0 F basis at time t: b t = S t - f t F basis at expiration: b T = S T - f T = 0 u For a position closed at t:    (short hedge) = S t - f f - (S 0 - f 0 ) = -b 0 + b t

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 8 Hedging Concepts (continued) n The Basis (continued) u illustrates the principle of basis risk. u This is the change in the basis and illustrates the principle of basis risk. u Hedging attempts to lock in the future price of an asset today, which will be f 0 + (S t - f t ). u A perfect hedge is practically non-existent. u Short hedges benefit from a strengthening basis. u All of this reverses for a long hedge. u See Table 10.2, p. 350 for hedging profitability and the basis. Table 10.2, p. 350Table 10.2, p. 350

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 9 Hedging Concepts (continued) n The Basis (continued) u Example: March 30. Spot gold $ June futures $ Buy spot, sell futures. Note: b 0 = = If held to expiration, profit should be change in basis or F At expiration, let S T = $ Sell gold in spot for $408.50, a profit of Buy back futures at $408.50, a profit of Net gain =1.45 or $145 on 100 oz. of gold.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 10 Hedging Concepts (continued) n The Basis (continued) u Example: (continued) F Instead, close out prior to expiration when S t = $ and f t = $ Profit on spot = Profit on futures = Net gain =.34 or $34 on 100 oz. Note that change in basis was b t - b 0 or (-1.45) =.34. u Behavior of the Basis. See Figure 10.1, p Figure 10.1, p. 352Figure 10.1, p. 352 u In forward markets, the hedge is customized so there is no basis risk.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 11 Hedging Concepts (continued) n Some Risks of Hedging u cross hedging u spot and futures prices occasionally move opposite u quantity risk

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 12 Hedging Concepts (continued) n Contract Choice u Which futures underlying asset? F High correlation with spot F Favorably priced u Which expiration? F The futures with maturity closest to but after the hedge termination date subject to the suggestion not to be in a contract in its expiration month F See Table 10.3, p. 354 for example of recommended contracts for T-bond hedge Table 10.3, p. 354Table 10.3, p. 354 F Concept of rolling the hedge forward

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 13 Hedging Concepts (continued) n Contract Choice (continued) u Long or short? F A critical decision! No room for mistakes. F Three methods to answer the question. See Table 10.4, p Table 10.4, p. 355Table 10.4, p. 355 worst case scenario methodworst case scenario method current spot position methodcurrent spot position method anticipated future spot transaction methodanticipated future spot transaction method

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 14 Hedging Concepts (continued) n Margin Requirements and Marking to Market u low margin requirements on futures, but u cash will be required for margin calls

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 15 Determination of the Hedge Ratio n Hedge ratio: The number of futures contracts to hedge a particular exposure u Naïve hedge ratio u Appropriate hedge ratio should be  N f = -  N f = -  S/  f F F Note that this ratio must be estimated.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 16 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio u Profit from short hedge:    =  S +  fN f u Variance of profit from short hedge:        S 2 +   f 2 N f   S  f N f u The optimal (variance minimizing) hedge ratio is (see Appendix 10.A)   N f = -   S  f /   f 2 F F This is the beta from a regression of spot price change on futures price change.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 17 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio (continued) F Hedging effectiveness is e * = (risk of unhedged position - risk of hedged position)/risk of unhedged positione * = (risk of unhedged position - risk of hedged position)/risk of unhedged position This is coefficient of determination from regression.This is coefficient of determination from regression.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 18 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio u This applies to hedges of interest sensitive securities. u First we introduce the concept of duration. We start with a bond priced at B: F where CP t is the cash payment at time t and y is the yield, or discount rate.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 19 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio (continuation) u An approximation to the change in price for a yield change is u with DUR B being the bond’s duration, which is a weighted-average of the times to each cash payment date on the bond, and  represents the change in the bond price or yield. u Duration has many weaknesses but is widely used as a measure of the sensitivity of a bond’s price to its yield.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 20 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio (continuation) u The hedge ratio is as follows (See Appendix 10.A for derivation.):  Note that DUR B  Note that DUR B  -(  /B)(1 + y B )/  y B and DUR f  -(  f/f)(1 + y f )/  y f u u Note the concepts of implied yield and implied duration of a futures. Also, technically, the hedge ratio will change continuously like an option’s delta and, like delta, it will not capture the risk of large moves.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 21 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio (continued) u Alternatively, F N f = -(Yield beta)PVBP B /PVBP f where Yield beta is the beta from a regression of spot bond yield on futures yield andwhere Yield beta is the beta from a regression of spot bond yield on futures yield and PVBP B, PVBP f is the present value of a basis point change in the bond and futures prices.PVBP B, PVBP f is the present value of a basis point change in the bond and futures prices.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 22 Determination of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Stock Index Futures Hedging u Appropriate hedge ratio is  N f = -(  N f = -(  S /  f )(S/f)   where  S is the beta from the CAPM and  f is the beta of the futures, often assumed to be 1. u Tailing the Hedge F With marking to market, the hedge is not precise unless tailing is done. This reduces the hedge ratio, but should improve its effectiveness.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 23 Hedging Strategies n A Long Hedge With Foreign Currency Futures u American firm planning to buy foreign inventory and will pay in foreign currency. u See Table 10.5, p Table 10.5, p. 364Table 10.5, p. 364 n A Short Hedge With Foreign Currency Forwards u British subsidiary of American firm will convert pounds to dollars. u See Table 10.6, p Table 10.6, p. 365Table 10.6, p. 365

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 24 Hedging Strategies (continued) n Intermediate and Long-Term Interest Rate Hedges u First let us look at the CBOT T-note and bond contracts F T-bonds: must be a T-bond with at least 15 years to maturity or first call date F T-note: three contracts (2-, 5-, and 10-year) F A bond of any coupon can be delivered but the standard is a 6% coupon. Adjustments, explained in Chapter 11, are made to reflect other coupons. F Price is quoted in units and 32nds, relative to $100 par, e.g., 93 14/32 is $ F Contract size is $100,000 face value so price is $93,437.50

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 25 Hedging Strategies (continued) n Intermediate and Long-Term Interest Rate Hedges (continued) u Hedging a Long Position in a Government Bond F See Table 10.7, p. 368 for example. Table 10.7, p. 368Table 10.7, p. 368 u Anticipatory Hedge of a Future Purchase of a Treasury Note F See Table 10.8, p. 369 for example. Table 10.8, p. 369Table 10.8, p. 369 u Hedging a Corporate Bond Issue F See Table 10.9, p. 370 for example. Table 10.9, p. 370Table 10.9, p. 370

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 26 Hedging Strategies (continued) n Stock Market Hedges u First look at the contracts F We primarily shall use the S&P 500 futures. Its price is determined by multiplying the quoted price by $250, e.g., if the futures is at 1300, the price is 1300($250) = $325,000 u Stock Portfolio Hedge F See Table 10.10, p. 373 for example. Table 10.10, p. 373Table 10.10, p. 373 u Anticipatory Hedge of a Takeover F See Table 10.11, p. 374 for example. Table 10.11, p. 374Table 10.11, p. 374

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 27 Summary n Table 10.12, p. 375 recaps the types of hedge situations, the nature of the risk and how to hedge the risk Table 10.12, p. 375 Table 10.12, p. 375

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 28 Appendix 10.A: Derivation of the Hedge Ratio n Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio u The variance of the profit from a hedge is       S 2 +   f 2 N f   S  f N f F Differentiating with respect to N f, setting to zero and solving for N f gives N f = -   S  f /   f 2N f = -   S  f /   f 2 F A check of the second derivative verifies that this is a minimum.

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 29 Appendix 10.A: Derivation of the Hedge Ratio (continued) n Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio u The value of the position is F V = B + V f N f u Use the following results:   V f /  r =  f/  r   y s /  r =  y f /  r u Differentiate with respect to r, use the above results, set to zero, apply the chain rule and solve for N f. The approximation is

D. M. ChanceAn Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.Ch. 10: 30 Appendix 10.B: Taxation of Hedging n Hedges used by businesses to protect inventory and in standard business transactions are taxed as ordinary income. n Transactions must be shown to be legitimate hedges and not just speculation outside of the norm of ordinary business activities. This is called the business motive test.

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