Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI

To understand ARABIC LANGUAGE: After the knowing terminology, one must learn the following three language arts: BALAGAH (metaphor and eloquence) Arabic Grammar: Sarf – Structure of the word Arabic Grammar: Nahwa – Grammar (end signs due to the grammatical position of the Arabic word) جاء محمد رايت محمد

أقسام الكلام Arabic word is divided into الاسم : A noun: Indicates an independent meaning without any association with time مثل : رجل، بيت، فرس، جبل، شجرة الفعل : A verb: Indicates an independent meaning associated with time مثل : قام، يقوم، قم. الحرف : A Particle: indicates a meaning related to structure and not independent مثل : هل ، قد ، من.

Types of structure of the Noun (index) Scale of the words (FAA-A’YN- LAAM) 1. From the aspect of definitive or in-definitive 2. From the aspect of derivable or non derivable 3. Types of derived nouns 4. From the aspect of gender 5. From the aspect of ending with a SHEEH letter or GHAYR SAHEEH LETTER like ALIF (unsound letter) 6. From the aspect of the quantity (single-dual-plural) 7. Relating (YAA) 8. Minimizing

Types of the structure of the verbs 1. From the aspect of containing a vowel letter in the root verb 2. From the aspect of the root (MOJARRAD) and increased (MAZEED) verb 3. From the aspect of its tense and its pronouns 4. From the aspect of its requirement for an object 5. Active (LILMA’LOOM) and Passive (MAJHOOL) verbs 6. Solid and changeable verbs/ complete and incomplete Rules regarding the HAMZAH (Alif which is consonant) Conversion of the letters in some words Looking into the dictionaries Punctuation signs General applications on the morphology of the words

Morphological Scale of the words (FAA-A’YN- LAAM ف ع ل ) الميزان الصرفي The science of SARRAF studies the structure of the Arabic word, and what ever encounters it from addition or decrease in its letters. Most of the Arabic root words are tri-lettered words, therefore the a three letter standard form was made to measure the words (FA- A’YN- LAAM) ……… (ARABIC) If the root word was more than three letters than the LAAM/s will be added in the scale to measure the fourth and fifth letter. When ever a letter is added to a root word even if it was an increase by a SHADDAH or repeating the root word, similar letter will be added to its corresponding letter in the scale. Added letters are usually which forms of the word SAALTOMOONEEHAA (Arabic),

Example: KATABA –he wrote فَعَلَ فاعِلَ مفعول فعال فعاعيل استفعال فعل مفَعِلَ كَتَبَ كاتِب مكتوب كتٌاب كتاتيب استكتاب كُتُب مكتَب

فَقُلْ سَلاَمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ Say: Peace be on you, your Lord has ordained mercy on Himself (6:54) (page:13) وَلَقَدْ كَتَبْنَا فِي الزَّبُورِ مِن بَعْدِ الذِّكْرِ أَنَّ الْأَرْضَ يَرِثُهَا عِبَادِيَ الصَّالِحُونَ And certainly We wrote in the Book after the reminder that (as for) the land, My righteous servants shall inherit it. ( 21:105) (page:14) وَاللّهُ يَكْتُبُ مَا يُبَيِّتُونَ فَأَعْرِضْ عَنْهُمْ وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللّهِ And Allah writes down what they decide by night, therefore turn aside from them and trust in Allah. (4:81) (page:14)

الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوبًا عِندَهُمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ وَالإِنْجِيلِ ….whom they find written down with them in the Taurat and the Injeel ….. (7:157) (page: 14) وَاكْتُبْ لَنَا فِي هَـذِهِ الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً And ordain for us good in this world's life…. (7:156) (page:14) وَقَالُوا أَسَاطِيرُ الْأَوَّلِينَ اكْتَتَبَهَا And they say: The stories of the ancients-- he has got them written (25:5) (page: 14) كِرَامًا كَاتِبِينَ. وَإِنَّ عَلَيْكُمْ لَحَافِظِينَ And most surely there are keepers over you. Honorable recorders. (82:10&11) (page:14)

كِتَابٌ فُصِّلَتْ آيَاتُهُ A Book of which the verses are made plain (41:3) (page 14) فِيهَا كُتُبٌ قَيِّمَةٌ Wherein are all the right ordinances (98:3) (page:14)