Manner, character and proper behaviors morality means a code of conduct which is held to be authoritative in matters of right and wrong.

Moral development is the process through which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws.

What are some examples of moral violations to you? How do you know they are moral violations? Are all moral violations cultural violations?

8 and 10 year old Sudanese boys. Would be home alone from after school until 8 pm. They would play in the neighborhood and use ‘as the crow flies’ navigation system, not sidewalks and streets. 8 and 10 year olds are routinely left alone in Sudan, fences don’t exist. Is this a moral violation?

Legislator from western Nebraksa bathed with his daughters, outside. Age 4,12,15 Married to a Hmong woman. In Hmong tradition it is common. Is it immoral, why?

In Falls City a 15 year old mentally challenged young woman got pregnant. The father was a 20 year old mentally challenged young man. They married (with the parent’s approval) and lived with her parents who helped raise the child. Is this immoral, why?

Have you seen or read of anything that you found morally questionable?

Sharing and cooperation vs. competition What are some games you played as a child? Games: Ju!houisi have no known competitive games

Organized Competition, achievement, skills, rules, success Freestyle Organization, participation, adapting rules for everyone’s enjoyment, understanding where you naturally fall in

Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1963, p. 19)

Schweder (2003) found that many people from non-European countries and women exhibit moral reasoning equal to adolescents in the west. Ethics of autonomy: immoral if directly hurts another or infringes on their rights Ethics of community: immoral if you fail to uphold your interpersonal duties and obligatins Ethics of divinity: immoral if act you do not uphold the sanctity of a world created by god.

All cultures have adults reasoning at the conventional level No adults are preconventional…(probably a good thing) Post conventional reasoning: only western samples (not one person from traditional societies use postconventional reasoning)

Evolutionary perspective would say that traditional societies do not provide the educational opportunities needed to reason about justice and individual rights Relativist perspective would emphasize that industrialized societies are one type and people develop moral frameworks to best fit their environments.

If you only live around kin, do you need to reason about justice and individual rights?

Caring orientation (tend and befriend) Justice orientation (fight or flight)

What constitutes criteria for the fair distribution of goods and resources in a society? (Damon, 1973) Need, equality or equity?

Sweden: most needs based: everyone recieves according to their needs US (work ethic): effort based: Everyone receives according to their effort.