Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Anatomical Position and Body Regions

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Reference

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms Anterior (ventral): front Posterior (dorsal): back Superior (cephalad): closer to top of head Inferior (caudal): closer to feet Proximal: closer to trunk Distal: farther from trunk

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d) Medial: closer to midline Lateral: farther away from midline –Ipsilateral: on same side of body –Contralateral: on opposite side of body –Unilateral: only on one side –Bilateral: on both sides Superficial: closer to surface of body Deep: farther away from surface

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms (cont’d)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements Flexion –Bending (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip, ankle) –Usually a forward movement (except knee & toes) –Decreases angle between bones or body parts –Dorsiflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward nose –Plantarflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward ground –Lateral flexion: side bending

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Extension –Straightening (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip) –Usually a backward movement –Increases angle between bones or body parts –Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Rotation –Movement around an axis (head, arm, thigh, trunk, forearm) –Supination: movement of hand & forearm laterally (palm up) –Pronation: movement of forearm & hand medially (palm down) Abduction –Movement away from midline (arm, hip) Adduction –Movement toward midline (arm, hip)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Circumduction –Combination of 4 movements: Abduction Adduction Extension Flexion –Performed continuously so distal end of part traces a circle –Can only occur at joints that permit 4 movements listed –Occurs in shoulder, hip, knuckles

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Horizontal Abduction –Movement of arm along plane of horizon & away from body Horizontal Adduction –Movement of arm in a horizontal plane across midline of body Inversion of Foot –Soles of foot move toward midline of body Eversion of Foot –Soles of foot move away from midline of body

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Elevation –Upward (superior) movement (scapula & mandible) Depression –Downward (inferior) movement (scapula & mandible) Protraction –Anterior (forward) movement (scapula & mandible) Retraction –Posterior (backward) movement (scapula & mandible)

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movements (cont’d) Upward Rotation –Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns upward Downward Rotation –Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns downward