Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century.

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Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

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Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

Timeline

A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis “Little Ice Age” Famine Population growth up to 1300 put pressure on food supply

The Black Death Bubonic Plague Yersinia Pestis Pneumonic Plague Spread of the Plague Arrived in Europe in 1347 (Genoa) Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)

Burying the dead during an outbreak of the plague

Map 11.1: Spread of the Black Death

Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague Plague as a punishment from God The flagellants Attacks against Jews Violence

Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages Social Mobility Peasant Revolts Jacquerie in France (1358) English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Revolts in the Cities Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

Chart 11.1: Background to the Hundred Years’ War: Kings of France and England

The Hundred Years’ War ( ) Causes 1328 last Capetian King dies (Charles IV) King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown French nobles = Philip VI (cousin) French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war Conduct and Course of the War Differences in the armies Battle of Crecy (1346) Henry V (1413 – 1422) Battle of Agincourt (1415) Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) Siege of Orleans Captured by allies of the English in 1430 Burned at the stake (1431) Gunpowder War ends with French victory (1453) Joan of Arc

The Decline of the Church Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) Conflict with Philip the Fair of France (Philip IV) Unam Sanctam (1302) Captured by French at Anagni Clement V (1305 – 1314) - French Pope The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377) Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige Captives of the French monarchy (Babylonian Captivity) New sources of revenue Catherine of Siena (c – 1380) Boniface VIII

The Great Schism Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 (Gregory XI dies afterward) Rival popes elected Pope Urban VI (Italian) Pope Clement VII (French) The Great Schism divides Europe Calls for systematic reform Marsiglio of Padua (c – 1342), Defender of the Peace Conciliarism Council of Pisa (1409) -HRE Sigismund Deposed both popes and elected a new pope (Alexander V) Popes refuse to step down Results in three popes Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) End of the Schism Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)