Rise of Russia

RUSSIA Overall Characteristics/Themes Visible Throughout Russia History 1. Invasions and fear of invasion 2. Openness to West – or not 3. Alternating periods of repression and reform 4. Little or no history of democracy

RUSSIA Mongol Invasion Invasion began political history Invasion began political history Mongol Invasion: forces of Gengis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Mongol Invasion: forces of Gengis Khan move from North China across the continent to take Moscow Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols Tatars: a Turkish people who were also invading Russia – became agents/administrators for Mongols

RUSSIA Mongol/Tatar Rule Brutal invasion Brutal invasion Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of WesternEurope Russia “hibernated” and missed the High Middle Ages of WesternEurope 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia 1480 Ivan III (Ivan the Great) formally renounced Mongol rule over Russia

RUSSIA MONGOL EMPIRE

RUSSIA 16TH AND 17TH RUSSIA Power tended to rest with boyars Held land Controlled serfs Boyars struggles with new tsars for control New tsars used boyars to serve state Created bureaucracy Mandatory military service

RUSSIA Ivan III Established hereditary rule Established hereditary rule Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Adopted Byzantine traditions - Third Rome Tsar head of Orthodox Church Tsar head of Orthodox Church Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”) Cossacks (Turkish word = “free men”) Peasants who periodically fought government Peasants who periodically fought government

RUSSIA Ivan IV (the Terrible) First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) First Russian monarch to use title of tsar (also spelled czar) Assumed throne at age three Assumed throne at age three Boyar families fought for de facto control of government Boyar families fought for de facto control of government Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people Encouraged him to be cruel to animals and people 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred 10 years of boyar rule left Ivan scarred 1543—executed a boyar 1543—executed a boyar 1547—married Anastasia Romanov 1547—married Anastasia Romanov

RUSSIA The End of Ivan At wife’s death had breakdown At wife’s death had breakdown Ivan believed boyars poisoned her Ivan believed boyars poisoned her Tortured and executed many Tortured and executed many Cruelty and insanity broke through Cruelty and insanity broke through 1581—killed 2 nd son, Ivan 1581—killed 2 nd son, Ivan Son, Feodor, gained throne Son, Feodor, gained throne Feodor died with no heir Feodor died with no heir Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray Riurik dynasty ended, Russia in disarray Civil War, Polish invasion ensued Civil War, Polish invasion ensued

RUSSIA The Two Ivans Church reform Church reform Government supervision of clergy Government supervision of clergy Increased control of peoples’ lives Increased control of peoples’ lives Permanent military established Permanent military established Sudebnik (new law code) Sudebnik (new law code) Limited aristocracy Limited aristocracy More difficult for peasants to leave their land More difficult for peasants to leave their land Oprichniki Oprichniki Special police force to destroy boyars Special police force to destroy boyars Wear all black and ride black horses Wear all black and ride black horses

RUSSIA

New Line of Tsars—Romanov 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar 1613—Michael Romanov selected tsar He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy He and successors moved Russia toward more autocracy Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 Total inserfment of peasants by 1649 Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Military service demands for boyars were relaxed Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks Changes met with civil unrest, especially from cossacks

RUSSIA Peter the Great Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Became tsar at 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689 Traveled widely Traveled widely Westernized Westernized Modernized army Modernized army Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit Table of Ranks – position in government based upon merit Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports Biggest problem-Russia had no warm water ports Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea Battled with Ottoman Turks to control Black Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea Defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along Baltic Sea

RUSSIA Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” Built capital, St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, “gateway to the West.” Forced laborers to drain a swamp along Neva River Forced laborers to drain a swamp along Neva River

RUSSIA Russia Under Peter the Great

RUSSIA Peter the Great

RUSSIA

Catherine the Great ( ) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Wife of Peter III (tsarina) Born in Prussia Born in Prussia Learned Russian Learned Russian Converted to Orthodox Christianity Converted to Orthodox Christianity Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization Let boyars not pay taxes Let boyars not pay taxes Taxed peasants heavily Taxed peasants heavily

RUSSIA Russia Under Catherine the Great Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea Defeated Ottomans to gain land to Black Sea 1790s— partitioned Poland 1790s— partitioned Poland

RUSSIA Reform, then Repression Initially open to reform Initially open to reform Art, literature and science Art, literature and science Greater local self-government Greater local self-government Legal reforms Legal reforms Potemkin Potemkin Pugachev Rebellion, French Revolution led her to become more oppressive Pugachev Rebellion, French Revolution led her to become more oppressive

RUSSIA Russian Life Orthodox Christianity eventually controlled by Tsar Orthodox Christianity eventually controlled by Tsar Mostly agrarian Mostly agrarian Most peasants tied to land, Tsars created laws that backed land owners Most peasants tied to land, Tsars created laws that backed land owners

RUSSIALegacy Russian absolutism created environment of social and political tensions that lasted into 20 th century Russian absolutism created environment of social and political tensions that lasted into 20 th century Russia would struggle with modernization Russia would struggle with modernization Absolutism would eventually fail as Russia moved toward socialism and communism in late 19 th and early 20 th centuries Absolutism would eventually fail as Russia moved toward socialism and communism in late 19 th and early 20 th centuries

Rise of Russia