Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia 7

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Islamic Civilization I.The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras II.An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements III.The Coming of Islam to South Asia IV.The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Historical Forces: Keep in mind Cultural identity is a powerful force in world history –Shared identity- sense of purpose Historians understand the power of religion in how it shapes cultural behavior, not how it impacts God or gods The emerging identify of Islam would be a revolutionary and globalizing force in terms of how it shaped the behavior of dozens of very different cultures- beginning with the Arabs in the 7 th century

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Big Picture: The First Century of Islam Uniting the Arab peoples under the empowering identity of Islam, Arab people rapidly united the Arabian peninsula and neighboring peoples Under The Umayyad Caliphate, Arab rule extended from The Atlantic Ocean to India, with converts to Islam and “people of the book not integrated into the new empire A clan of Arabs tracing their lineage back to Muhammad’s protective uncle al-Abbas gains control of Empire by 750 CE (128 AH) Abbasids Center moved from Damascus to Baghdad

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Big Picture: Islam’s Expansion from Islam reached distant cultures in the Old World Web –Conquests of peoples who accepted Islam –Trade by Muslim merchants –Missionary activities- Sufis… Islam shaped distant cultures –Converts –Religious movements in other religions- reaction Islam was shaped by the cultures where it spread –Islam has no Pope or central Orthodox authority

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries –Peasant revolts Al-Mahdi ( ) –Attempt to mend split between Shia and Sunni –Division continued- Still today- major division within Islam –Succession not secure- continuing vexing problem within Islamic state

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes –Civil wars become more regular  Persian advisors have growing influence- Caliph becomes a pawn of advisors  Rise of slave body guards- these forces have growing influence over Caliph  High taxes and agrarian revolts Slaves and the imperial harem surround court with palace intrigue

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former provinces threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia –Take Baghdad, 945 –Sultans (Arab “victorious”) Seljuk Turks –1055, defeat Buyids –Sunnis  Shi'a purges –Defeat Byzantines, Egypt Islamic Empire controlled by non-Arabs

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, western European Christian knights –Small Christian kingdoms established European conquerors bring back aspects of Islamic culture to Europe –Sparks many important movements that would generate Europe’s rise to world power Saladin retakes lands –Last in 1291

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements Urban growth Cosmopolitan- open to influences from different religions/ regions –Not closed or xenophobic Merchants thrive Fusing of Persian and Arab culture in literature

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Achievements in the Sciences Math –Build on Greek work- algebra, geometry trigonometry Chemistry Cartography- maps would support European discoveries in 15 th century Medicine

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis –Mysticism- Mevlana- Turkish Muslim mystic  Religious differences insignificant –Sufi’s believe in achieving an ecstatic connection to Allah (God) often through movement- Whirling dervishesWhirling dervishes –Other Sufi groups seek connection with God in different types of dance- Egyptian SufisEgyptian Sufis Sufis are throughout Islamic world- a moderate force

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Seven Advices of Mevlana Rumi 1. In generosity and helping others, be like a river. 2. In compassion and grace be like the sun. 3. In concealing others' faults, be like the night. 4. In anger and fury be like one who is dead. 5. In modesty and humility, be like the earth. 6. In tolerance, be like a sea. 7. Either exist as you are, or be as you look.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion A reaction to mystical and foreign influence on Islam –Fear of foreign influence impacting faith  Islamic expansion as well as invasions like the Crusades increased religious insecurity  Ulama- religious scholars propose the absolute authority of the Quran – fundamentalism –Attempt to limit impact of Greek philosophy and mystical movements like Sufism –Crusades supported this movement Inward movement of Islam would weaken cultural vitality and power

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols –Chinggis Khan Hulegu 1258, Baghdad falls –Last Abbasid killed –Burned library of Baghdad –Last Abbasid killed- Baghdad does not recover –Center of Islamic world moves westward to Cairo Mamluks- Turkic slaves who came to rule Egypt

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Coming of Islam to South Asia By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central India Conflict between two different systems –Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism –Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system –Hindu spiritual worship and idols v. Doctrinaire and exclusive faith- rigid Today- India has the second largest Muslim population in the world- Pakistan has the third and Bangladesh has the fourth largest (missing in your text!) Today, 31% of world’s Muslims live in south Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions of India First as traders, 8th century –Attacks lead to invasion (Umayyad period) Muhammad ibn Qasim –Umayyad general –Takes Sind, Indus valleys –Indians treated as dhimmi (people of the book)  Example of flexibility of faith to deal with new situation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Early Islam in India

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy –India influences Arab –Arabic numbers are actually from India  Zero and decimal system would make it to Europe by the 13 th century  Ideas on science and medicine would fuse with Greek influence on Islamic culture –Dynamic and growing cultures gain power and influence as they build by fusing cultures- Human web

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan –Mahmud of Ghazni  Begins invasion of India Muhammad of Ghur –Persian –State in Indus valley –Thence to Bengal  forms state at Delhi  Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables –Also, conversion to escape taxes –Buddhists and Hindus where the faith had drifted from more orthodox beliefs of those faiths Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries –Religious migration- a safe haven for Muslims

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival: Islam’s Impact on Hinduism Bhakti –Devotional cults –Emotional approach- ecstatic movement like Sufism- Feeling religion –Caste distinctions dissolved –Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially Mira Bai (Hindu), Kabir (Muslim), –Songs in regional languages

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Kabir O servant, where do thou seek me? Lo! I am beside thee. I am neither in temple or mosque; Neither am I in rite and ceremonies, nor yoga and renunciation.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama –Separate communities –Polarization of population between increasingly orthodox Hindus and Muslims –Despite large numbers of Muslims, Indian Hindus were most resistant to conversion Sikhism develops in the 15 th Century –Blends aspects of Hinduism and Islam into a religion- 20 million Sikhs today 5 th largest world religion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Power of less orthodox Muslim Sufi missionaries Islam “hops” via missionaries and merchants through islands of present Indonesia (Largest Islamic population in the world today) Trading Contacts and Conversion –Trading leads to peaceful conversion –Resistant pockets of Buddhism and Hinduism

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Conclusion Islamic faith conducted an amazing synthesis of old world cultures Islamic faith was able to adapt and have an impact on a huge region of the world- a global faith –Spread to all corners of the Old World Web –Cultural perspective adopted by distant cultures Islam came to take different forms in different lands