CELL DIVISION. WHY DO CELLS UNDERGO CELL DIVISION? 1. The Cell Becomes Too Large DNA/Information Overload Exchange with the environment (traffic/diffusion.

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Presentation transcript:

CELL DIVISION

WHY DO CELLS UNDERGO CELL DIVISION? 1. The Cell Becomes Too Large DNA/Information Overload Exchange with the environment (traffic/diffusion problems). 2. Repair and Growth 3. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

GENETIC MATERIAL Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

THE NUCLEIC ACIDS Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides, which contain three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid

COMPARING DNA & RNA DNARNA NAME:Deoxyribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid STRAND:Double Stranded (Helical) Single-Stranded (Helical) NITROGENOUS BASES: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T) Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), & Uracil (U) SUGAR:DeoxyriboseRibose PHOSPHATE GROUP: YES OTHER:In Eukaryotes, DNA associated with Protein Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

DNA & RNA STRUCTURE GAME(S) 17 Things You Should Know About DNA

EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC DNA EUKARYOTESPROKARYOTES DNA is found within a nucleus DNA is confined to the nucleoid region DNA is associated with proteins called histones. “Naked” DNA

DNA REPLICATION

DNA REPLICATION INVOLVES “UNZIPPING” DNA Replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. We would say that DNA is ‘self-replicating.’ DNA copies DNA. The process of DNA Replication involves a number of important enzymes... We will focus on DNA Helicase and a group of enzymes called DNA Polymerases. DNA Replication is considered ‘Semi-Conservative.’

DNA REPLICATION IS A SEMI- CONSERVATIVE PROCESS DNA Replication results in two identical copies of DNA. Half of a pre-existing DNA molecule is always saved (conserved).

FORMATION OF TWO COMPLIMENTARY STRANDS DNA replication will occur during cell division (interphase) within the nucleus. Replication requires free nucleotides that form the new DNA strands. With the help of the enzyme DNA Helicase, the original double-stranded DNA molecule will “unzip”. Helicase will break the hydrogen bonds holding complimentary base pairs together. (A2T, G3C).

....FORMATION OF COMPLIMENTARY STRANDS As soon as the DNA becomes ‘unzipped’, free- floating nucleotides will be covalently bonded to nucleotides on the template strands. Another enzyme, DNA polymerase, will catalyze this reaction (dehydration synthesis). DNA polymerase will operate on both strands but in opposite directions. This process can occur at multiple points (origin of replication or replication bubble) along the DNA strand.

DNA & DNA REPLICATION TUTORIALS

CELL DIVISION

LIFE SPAN OF HUMAN CELLS Cell TypeLife SpanCell Division Esophageal2-3 daysCan divide Intestinal (small)1-2 daysCan divide Intestinal (large)6 daysCan divide Red Blood Cells<120 daysCan’t Divide White Blood Cells10 hrs-decadesMany don’t div. Smooth MuscleLong-livedCan divide Heart CellsLong-livedCan’t Divide Skeletal MuscleLong-livedCan’t Divide NeuronsLong-livedMost don’t div.

CELL DIVISION: AN OVERVIEW

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS

MITOSIS ANIMATION(S) ycle.swf ycle.swf &feature=related &feature=related

REGULATING THE CELL CYCLE The cell cycle is controlled by dozens of regulatory proteins inside and outside the cell: 1.Internal regulators: proteins that respond to signals inside the cell. (ex. Cyclins) 2.External regulators: proteins that respond to signals outside the cell. Growth factors are important in wound healing and embryonic development. cb.harvard.edu/a nimations/checkp oints.swf cb.harvard.edu/a nimations/checkp oints.swf

Cancer cells are your own body cells that divide Cancer cells don’t respond to signals regulating the cell cycle. Cancer risk is increased through: genetics, tobacco use, radiation exposure, ultraviolet radiation, poor diet, viral infections, chemicals, pollution, etc. WHAT IS CANCER?

WHAT ARE TUMORS? A tumor (neoplasm) is an abnormal growth of tissue that can be : Malignant : An unusually fast-growing, sometimes fatal tumor that invades surrounding tissue and sheds cells that spread throughout the body, creating new tumors. Cancerous. Benign : A well-defined, slow-growing mass with smooth boundaries that simply grows in diameter. Not harmful unless it’s size compresses surrounding tissues. Benign tumors are non-cancerous. Cells may break away from malignant tumors and spread throughout the body (Metastasis or Secondary Cancer)

HOW DO WE TREAT CANCER? Biopsy: Surgical removal of cells/a mass for identification. Surgery (Removal of a malignant tumor) Radiation Therapy (kills cells) Chemotherapy with anti-mitotic drugs) But... Sometimes there is no treatment. What are some of the Side Effects of Cancer Treatment? (Sterility, Hair Loss, Pain Destruction of non-cancerous cells, Nausea, Vomiting, Depression... )