The Crusades

What is a “Crusade” “Holy War”- a fight over an IDEA. (rather than land or wealth) “Holy War”- a fight over an IDEA. (rather than land or wealth) Turning point for Europe- they have been very isolated, this will open them up to a new view of the world. Turning point for Europe- they have been very isolated, this will open them up to a new view of the world.

Why do we need one? Muslims (Seljuq Turks) have taken over Holy land- taxing and harassing Christian pilgrims Muslims (Seljuq Turks) have taken over Holy land- taxing and harassing Christian pilgrims Muslim Turks have besieged Constantinople- the Emperor asked the pope to send Christian aide Muslim Turks have besieged Constantinople- the Emperor asked the pope to send Christian aide There aren’t any big wars in Europe- which means that there are a lot of knights with no one to fight but each other….. There aren’t any big wars in Europe- which means that there are a lot of knights with no one to fight but each other…..

Muslim expansion

Why Go? Pope Urban II said that anyone who went on crusade would receive a “guaranteed remission of sin” (get into heaven free card) Pope Urban II said that anyone who went on crusade would receive a “guaranteed remission of sin” (get into heaven free card) Appealed to culture of chivalry and glory Appealed to culture of chivalry and glory For Knights a chance to win land and wealth For Knights a chance to win land and wealth For peasants a chance for a different life For peasants a chance for a different life For pope a chance to regain orthodox church For pope a chance to regain orthodox church For king- get rid of troublesome knights For king- get rid of troublesome knights

The first crusade 1095 Pope Urban II calls on all Christians to save Constantinople (and holy land) nearly 100,000 go Pope Urban II calls on all Christians to save Constantinople (and holy land) nearly 100,000 go. Start by persecuting “unbelievers” (mainly Jews) at home and on the way Start by persecuting “unbelievers” (mainly Jews) at home and on the way Arrive 1099, Emperor HORRIFIED- sends them on, they shock everyone by capturing Jerusalem. (Muslims in a civil war) Arrive 1099, Emperor HORRIFIED- sends them on, they shock everyone by capturing Jerusalem. (Muslims in a civil war) Carve Palestine into “Crusader Kingdoms” run by knights Templar Carve Palestine into “Crusader Kingdoms” run by knights Templar

But it doesn’t last- other crusades Muslims put aside differences to deal with new threat. Willing to share, but Christians won’t Muslims put aside differences to deal with new threat. Willing to share, but Christians won’t Christians no match (limited resources, alien environment, lower technology) Christians no match (limited resources, alien environment, lower technology) From there are 8 “official” crusades, only the first successful. From there are 8 “official” crusades, only the first successful. At best they hold territory, mostly they lose (only hold bulk of territory for 100 years) At best they hold territory, mostly they lose (only hold bulk of territory for 100 years)

Gains and Losses Muslim commander Saladin retakes Jerusalem Muslim commander Saladin retakes Jerusalem. 3 rd crusade (kings crusade) Richard I, Philip Augustus, Fredrick Barbarossa 3 rd crusade (kings crusade) Richard I, Philip Augustus, Fredrick Barbarossa 4 th crusade go back to Constantinople- and sack it (beginning of end for Byzantines) 4 th crusade go back to Constantinople- and sack it (beginning of end for Byzantines) Children’s Crusade ,000 children (mostly sold as slaves) Children’s Crusade ,000 children (mostly sold as slaves)

Results of the Crusades Enormous- Europeans learn so much Enormous- Europeans learn so much Weapons- Crossbow, catapult (improved), Gunpowder (limited) Weapons- Crossbow, catapult (improved), Gunpowder (limited) Ideas- Rediscover ancient learning. Medical knowledge. Ideas- Rediscover ancient learning. Medical knowledge. Trade- Luxury products (cotton, silks, spices, fruits, perfumes) Get better at sailing/traveling Trade- Luxury products (cotton, silks, spices, fruits, perfumes) Get better at sailing/traveling Politics- so many nobles gone, kings run things more directly. Women gain responsibility Politics- so many nobles gone, kings run things more directly. Women gain responsibility Enduring bitterness between religions Enduring bitterness between religions