How is wind connected to all life on earth?

Why is one area of the earth’s land surface a desert, and other a grassland, and another a forest? Why do different types of deserts, grasslands and forest exist?

Climate and Weather Chapter 6, first part

Key Concepts  Factors influencing weather and climate  Effect of climate on distribution of biomes  Characteristics of major biome types  Saltwater and freshwater life zones  Human impacts on biosphere

Weather and Climate  What is weather?  How meteorologists predict weather  What is climate? temp, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind dir. Radar, satellites, aircraft, stationary sensors, feed into computers General pattern of atmospheric conditions over a long period

Factors Associated with Climate  Temperature  Precipitation  Uneven heating  Seasons  Earth’s rotation  Properties of air and water Fig. 6-2 p. 107

Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Warm temperate Dry Tropical Highland Major upwelling zones Warm ocean current Cold ocean current River Fig. 6-3, p. 108 Global Climatic Zones

Seasons Fig. 6-4 p. 108

Latitude The curvature of the earth’s surface affect the amount of Solar Insolation an area receives

Fig. 6-5, p. 109 Global Air Circulation And Biomes

Generalized circulation of the atmosphere

Source Major Ocean Currents

1.Water has high specific heat - It can absorb or give of a lot of heat without changing temperature 2.Areas close to large bodies of water have moderated temperature regimes cooler in summer warmer in winter 3.Increase precipitation for proximal lands What effects do large bodies of water have on climate?

Wind Movement of surface water Diving birds Nutrients Upwelling Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton Fig. 6-6, p. 110 Shore Upwelling

2012/08/16/drought-update-no- improvement-here-but-el-nino- is-coming/

El Nino Video Clip - Bing Videos

El Niño-Southern Oscillation: ENSO Fig. 6-7, p. 110

Greenhouse Effect Fig. 6-9, p. 111

Greenhouse Effect  Greenhouse Effect  Greenhouse gases  Human impact  Global warming  Impacts of global warming

Greenhouse Gasses Gasses that determine earth’s average temperatures Include: –Water vapor (primary greenhouse gas) –Carbon dioxide –Methane –Nitrous oxide –Synthetic chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, aerosol cans) –Synthetic perfluorocarbons (refrigerating units) –Synthetic trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (high voltage equipment)

Ozone Layer  Located in stratosphere  UV protection  Decline in ozone  Consequences of ozone decline

Microclimates Fig. 6-10, p. 112  Rain shadow effect a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range Moist habitats Dry habitats  Cities  Land-ocean interactions

Biomes  Climatic effects on biomes  Not uniform  “Mosaic of patches”  Effects of latitude and altitude

Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer Fig. 6-11, p. 113 Earth’s Major Biomes

Climatograms Rainfall = bars Temperature = line So all graphs have the same scale: Rainfall (Left Y axis) 3 squares = 4 cm rainfall Temperature (R Y axis) 3 squares = 8 degrees temp. X axis Each month = 2 squares

Interactive Climate Map

How tides work High