Sociology 111 Fall 2008

Theory is … A well-substantiated explanation of social phenomena (or any natural phenomena) An organized body of knowledge accepted as valid due to repeated testing and research supporting it as fact

Theory also … Is a lens from which one can view the world Reveals different aspects of human life A sociological perspective will help us to see society ’ s and culture ’ s influence on the individual Important because sociology has no “ unified theory of social behavior ” Numerous complimentary theories that deal with certain aspects of social phenomena

Sociological theories Symbolic interaction Functionalist theory (aka functional analysis) Conflict theory Do not assume these are the only ones.

Symbolic Interaction Focuses on how people use symbols to communicate Asks how people create meaning in their lives Analyzes the evolution of symbols and meaning Argues that meaning arises from interaction with others and with objects Social construction

Hebert Mead Developed a comprehensive analysis of how the self and identity develops Mind, Self, and Society

Functionalist theory Treats society as a whole unit Functions keep a society in equilibrium Dysfunctions harm a society Durkheim pointed out that conflict can be functional Asks what are the consequences of social institutions and/or social forces

Robert K. Merton One of the best known modern functionalist Manifest and latent functions Aspirations-expectations Indebted intellectually to Durkheim.

Conflict Theory Believes society is comprised of competing interests May form coalitions May simply oppress to exert power Focuses on where the power lies in a society or group

Karl Marx Originated conflict theory Focused on economic conflict Bourgeoisie versus proletarians

Max Weber Expanded conflict theory Drew sociologists attention to the complexity of societal and historical change