Aleksandra Krivoglazova Hydropower Rauno Põldmaa Marten Lillemäe Karl Kull Aleksandra Krivoglazova Sander Orasi

Water cycle Understanding the water cycle is important in order to understand hydropower. The energy driving the water cycle comes from radiant energy released by the sun that heats the water and causes it to evaporate.

Gravitational energy In addition to the water cycle, hydropower is dependent upon stored gravitational energy. A rock on top of a hill contains potential energy because of its position. If a force pushes the rock, it rolls down the hill because of the force of gravity. Potential energy is then converted to kinetic energy until it reaches the bottom of the hill and stops.

Humans have used the power of moving water for more than 2,000 years Humans have used the power of moving water for more than 2,000 years. The first references to water mills are found in Greek, Roman, and Chinese texts. They described vertical waterwheels in rivers and streams. These traditional waterwheels turned as the river flowed, turning millstones that ground grains. In the late 1700s, an American named Oliver Evans designed a mill that combined gears, shafts and conveyors. After grain was ground, it could be transported around the mill. The invention led to waterwheels being the main power source for sawmills, textile mills and forges through the 19th century. In 1826, a French engineer, Jean Victor Poncolet, designed an even more efficient water wheel. The wheel was enclosed so the water flowed through the wheel instead of around it.

World’s first hydropower plant In 1880, the Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company used a water turbine to generate enough electricity to power 16 lights. Soon after, in 1882, the world’s first hydroelectric power plant began operation on the Fox River in Appleton, WI. The plant, later named the Appleton Edison Light Company, was initiated by Appleton paper manufacturer H.F. Rogers, who had been inspired by Thomas Edison's plans for an electricity-producing station in New York. When you look at rushing waterfalls and rivers, you may not immediately think of electricity but hydroelectric power plants are responsible for lighting many of our homes and neighborhoods.

Types Conventional hydroelectric, referring to hydroelectric dams. Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams, without a large reservoir and sometimes without the use of dams. Small hydro projects are 10 megawatts or less and often have no artificial reservoirs. Micro hydro projects provide a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts to isolated homes, villages, or small industries. Conduit hydroelectricity projects utilize water which has already been diverted for use elsewhere; in a municipal water system, for example. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores water pumped uphill into reservoirs during periods of low demand to be released for generation when demand is high or system generation is low.

Run-of-the-river power plants/river power plants Most common, Use the flow energy of river Capacity is determined by the gradient and the water level

Storage power plants Water is stored in a natural or artificial lake It is being feed via pipelines into a lower-lying power plant

Pumped storage power plants Two reservoirs upper and lower Water is being pumped from lower to upper with solar or wind energy

Types of power plants for exploiting marine energy Kinetic energy of waves

Turbines The type of turbine used depends on the rate of flow and head height (pressure) of the water.

Francis turbine Oldest turbine Used primarily in small hydropower plants Suitable for low drop heights and medium flow rates

Hydrodynamic screws Work on the principle of the Archimedes screw Used for small drop heights and low capacities

Kaplan and bulb turbines Common types of turbine for run of the river power plants with small drop heights Suitable for fluctuating water volumes

Pelton turbine Free stream turbine Used for high drop heights (100-1000m) Low water volumes

Cross flow turbines Used for low drop heights and low water volumes Small capacity

Power categories Depend upon the water flow rate and drop height Efficiency of water turbine Geat mechanism Generator and transformer

Micro: 1kW – 100kW Mini: 100kW – 1000kW Small 1000kW – 10000kW

World installed hydropower capacity 1. Europe Total installed capacity: 166.2 GW Norway - Of the total production in 2011 of 128 000 GWh, 122 000 GWh was from hydroelectric plants 96% is renewable energy!!! World installed hydropower capacity This interactive map shows the latest available data for national hydropower installed capacities Hydropower is a mature and cost-competitive renewable energy source. It plays an important role in today’s electricity mix, contributing to more than 16% of electricity generation worldwide and about 85% of global renewable electricity. TOTAL installed capacity: 1036 GW (China, brazil, USA, Canada, Russia) Installed hydropower capacity in gigawatts (GW) in 2014 Source:https://www.hydropower.org

World installed hydropower capacity 2. North America 3. South America Source:https://www.hydropower.org Source:https://www.hydropower.org Total capacity: 175.6 GW Total capacity: 147.9 GW

World installed hydropower capacity 4. Africa Total installed capacity: 27.39 GW Potential in Africa may be as high as 95% Sub-Saharan Africa has 300 GW of undeveloped hydro potential Lack of available investment capita The Nile is the world’s longest river, making it one of Africa’s greatest potential sources of hydropower. Source:https://www.hydropower.org

World installed hydropower capacity 5. East Asia and Pacific Total installed capacity 363.3 GW Asia is experiencing a boom in hydropower development Asia is the richest hydropower region in the world in terms of potential; however, there are quite different rates of utilisation. Source:https://www.hydropower.org

World installed hydropower capacity 6. Central Asia Total installed capacity 156.0 GW Source:https://www.hydropower.org

Hydropower Resource Potential Since most precipitation usually falls in mountainous areas, where elevation differences (head) are the largest, the largest potential for hydropower development is in mountainous regions, or in rivers coming from such regions. Africa has a large technical potential and could develop 11 times its current level of hydroelectric generation in the region. Source: Hydropower. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

Estonian Hydroenegy Area - 45 226 km² Estonia has a flat topography We have a lot of small rivers with small flow Therefore, Estonia's hydropower potential is quite low

Estonian Hydroenegy History: 1893-Estonian first hydropower plant in Kunda Before World War II hydropower got big proportion of Estonia´s energy Balance. Hydropower plants total capacity was 9,343 MW and their production was 28,770 GWh/y, (28,6% of the overall energy balance). During the war, most of the hydropower plants were destroyed. Now: 47 different hydroelectric power stations which are connected to Estonia's electricity grids The total capacity of the electricity-generated hydro plants is 8,09 MW (Total electrical capacity is 1600MW in Estonia), In 2014 we produced 26,7 GWh/year Narva hydro power station (125 MW) - Russian-owned

Estonian Hydroenegy Red- 0,2…3 MW Yellow- 0,025…0,2 MW Green- 0…0,025 MW

Estonian Hydroenegy Example: Linnamäe hydroelectric power plant Built in 1924 re-built in 2002 1152 kW Pressure - 10m

Estonian Hydroenegy Estonian rivers have still suitable places for the new stations and Estonian energy sector development plan found that Estonia is able to achieve up to 15 MW of hydropower capacity. The payback time would be too long with current electrical prices and it would be economically unefficent It would not have big potential in the future for Estonia

Cons Environmental damage Expensive to build Drought Floods in low-lying areas Low water supply Disturbance of habitat Installation costs Limited use Deposit of silt Disputes between people

Pros Renewable Clean Reliable and stable Low operating cost Demand matching Realtively safe Sufficient to buffer seasonal or multi-seasonal changes in river flows

Run-of-river hydropowerplant

Run-of-river hydropowerplant No storage (very little) Generation depends on the timing and size of river flows Does have ‘’pondage’’ but only for hours or a day.

Reservoir (storage) hydropowerplant

Reservoir (storage) hydropowerplant Ability to store water behind the dam De-couples generation from hydro inflows Capacities canbe small or big

Pumped storage hydropower

Pumped storage hydropower Uses off-peak electricity to pump water from a reservoir located after the tailrace to the top of the reservoir. Pumped storage plant can generate peak times and provide grid stability and flexible service. 2,2% - USA 18 % - Japan 19% - Austria

Planning There has been relatively little systematic collection of Typical installed costs and LCOE of hydropower projects   Installed costs (USD/kW) Operation and maintenance (USD/year of installed cost) Capacity factor LCOE (USD/kWh) Large hydro 1050-7650 2-2,5 25 to 90 0.02-0.19 Small hydro 1300-8000 1-4 20 to 95 0.02-0.27 Refurbishment/upgrade 500-1000 1-6 0.01-0.05 There has been relatively little systematic collection of data on the historical trends of hydropower costs, at least in the publically available literature (IPCC, 2011).

Top ten countries

Project developement costs Feasibility assessments Environmental impact analysis Licensing Fish and wildlife/biodiversity mitigation Recreation amenities Historical an archaeological mitigation Water quality monitoring and mitigation

Cost breakdown Dam and reservoir construction Tunneling and canal construction Powerhouse construction Site access infrastrucutre Grid connection Engineering and construction

Cost breakdown

Investment costs as a function of installed capacity and turbine head

Average levelised cost of electricity for small hydropower in Europe

Average levelised cost of electricity for small hydropower in the World

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