E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photo by M. Rosing, University of Copenhagen Chapter 8 frontispiece. Melting ice at the edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet 087

Figure 8.1. Sea ice E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by Rear Admiral H.D. Nygren, NOAA 088

Figure 8.2. The contrasting patterns in ocean surface currents and ice flow during the (a) 1979 anti-cyclonic and (b) 1994 cyclonic regimes in the Arctic Ocean E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Rigor et al.,

E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Richter-Menge et al., 2006 Figure 8.3. The shrinking extent of old, thick sea ice in the Arctic, September September

Figure 8.4. The distribution of permafrost in the Russian Arctic E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Zhang et al.,

Figure 8.5. The English Channel and surrounding region and the maximum extent of ice about 21,000 years ago at the most recent glacial maximum E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Ménot et al.,

Figure 8.6. The increase in the number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland, E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Ekström et al.,

Figure 8.7. The steady retreat of the Jakobshavn (Ilulissat) glacier, Greenland E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA 094

Figure 8.8. Antarctica and its major ice shelves E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: USGS 095

Figure 8.9. The breakup of the Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctica, February and March 2002 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team 096

Figure Fossil brain coral from Windley Key, Florida E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by D. Muhs, USGS 097