Mannerism A style that developed in the sixteenth century ( , after the sack of Rome )as a reaction to the classical rationality and balanced harmony of the High Renaissance; They rejected many conventions of the Renaissance and their work could be characterized by the dramatic use of space and light, exaggerated colour, elongation of figures, and distortions of perspective, scale, proportion. They were a very individual and expressive group that had a variety of styles. Parmigianino's Madonna with the Long Neck

El Greco ( ) born Crete, studied Italy moved to Spain. His name is Spanish for ‘the Greek’. born Crete, studied Italy moved to Spain. His name is Spanish for ‘the Greek’. influenced by Parmigianiomo (who painted Madonna of the Long Neck). influenced by Parmigianiomo (who painted Madonna of the Long Neck). The Burial of Count Orgaz (1586) Top of Painting: Eternal Heaven, Christ, Eternal Heaven, Christ, Bottom of Painting: Angels, 16th century Spaniards, Count Orgaz, Greco’s friends, his son on the bottom left Angels, 16th century Spaniards, Count Orgaz, Greco’s friends, his son on the bottom left Uniting feature: Angel bearing the soul, looks like a doll, priest looking up, Mary looking down Angel bearing the soul, looks like a doll, priest looking up, Mary looking down Known for: elongated bodies, elongated bodies, strong sense of movement, strong sense of movement, flickering light, flickering light, bright colours (some say acid colours) bright colours (some say acid colours) intense emotion. intense emotion. Technique: consisted of the application of thick oil paint over a red ochre gessoed animal-skin canvas. The light areas were blocked in white or gray oil paint. He applied the paint in broken short brush strokes which were almost impressionistic. Technique: consisted of the application of thick oil paint over a red ochre gessoed animal-skin canvas. The light areas were blocked in white or gray oil paint. He applied the paint in broken short brush strokes which were almost impressionistic.

Mannerism in El Greco's jarring "acid" color sense, his figures' elongated and tortured anatomy, the irrational perspective and light of his breathless and crowded composition, and obscure and troubling symbolism

Northern Countries These Northern countries were known for certain achievements (strengths) during the Renaissance: These Northern countries were known for certain achievements (strengths) during the Renaissance: Low Countries (Belgium, Holland): oil paint, allowed them to paint in detail Low Countries (Belgium, Holland): oil paint, allowed them to paint in detail Germany: art centre of Europe Germany: art centre of Europe France: excelled in architecture during this time France: excelled in architecture during this time Spain: used wealth and privilege to draw artist to their court. Spain: used wealth and privilege to draw artist to their court.

Northern Renaissance From the late 15th century, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread around Europe…it would reach Britain by the 16 th century (Shakespeare's time) Art and artists were imported into northern countries. King Francis I (France) would not only commission Venetian artists but invited Leonardo da Vinci to live French palace and would die in France) Artists such as the German Durer would travel to Italy to study Universities and the printed book helped spread the spirit of the Renaissance as did trade with the Italians The later Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation (Italian was Catholic) and was kindled by a weakening of the Roman Catholic Church Forms of artistic expression which a century ago would have been banned by the church were now tolerated or even encouraged in certain circles..

Unlike religious practices in Italy at this time, there was a greater emphasis on private religious practices in the home environment. Books had already became an important source of communicating religious beliefs the medieval illuminated manuscript was a part of life long before the 15th century. Domestic altarpieces are a newer form of private observance and one which we find in northern Europe far more often than in Italy. The last influence we should note is that because sculpture was such an intrinsic part of the Gothic cathedral, the sculptural tradition which will dominate northern European art is visibly quite different from the classical tradition which will be so important to Italy….very little free standing sculpture.

What was the Reformation? How Did It Affect Art? The Protestant Reformation was a revolt against abuses and other forms of corruption perpetrated by the Papacy and the Church in Rome. The actual spark which ignited the revolt was Pope Leo X's decision to launch a campaign in Germany for the sale of "indulgences" (effectively permits allowing sinners to buy their way into heaven), in order to finance the building of the new Saint Peter's Basilica, in Rome (time of the Italian High Renaissance). The Reformation began on Oct 31, 1517, when the German Augustinian monk Martin Luther nailed his 95-point manifesto on the door of All Saints Church, Wittenberg, Germany, and led to a split in Christianity between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Protestantism led to a new type of Christian art which celebrated the Protestant religious agenda, and diverged radically from the High Renaissance art of Italyareas of southern Europe, which remained Roman Catholic. The form and content of Protestant art - in particular painting - reflected the plainer, more unvarnished and more personal Christianity of the Reformation movement. Thus large scale works of Biblical art were no longer commissioned by Protestant church bodies.

Jan Van Eyck ( ) The Arnolfini Marriage (1434) (portrait gallery –London) size- 32” x 23” !!!!! This is not a large painting. Meaning of the following symbols: Raised right hand- Fidelity Raised right hand- Fidelity Dog- Fidelity and Loyalty ((the common canine name Fido originated from the Latin fido, "to trust"). Dog- Fidelity and Loyalty ((the common canine name Fido originated from the Latin fido, "to trust"). Ripened peaches- Fertility Ripened peaches- Fertility Clogs cast aside- standing on holy ground Clogs cast aside- standing on holy ground St. Margaret on bedpost- saint of childbirth St. Margaret on bedpost- saint of childbirth Wisk broom- domestic care Wisk broom- domestic care Lit candle- oath of marriage, devotion of newlyweds, seeing eye of G-d Lit candle- oath of marriage, devotion of newlyweds, seeing eye of G-d Crystal beads- Virgin Mary Crystal beads- Virgin Mary What is written above the mirror: Jan Van Eyck was here in 1434 (he was a witness of the marriage) Jan Van Eyck was here in 1434 (he was a witness of the marriage) Who is in the mirror? Jan Van Eyck and another witness Jan Van Eyck and another witness What is around the mirror? 10 scenes of Christ’s passion 10 scenes of Christ’s passion No she is not pregnant, it was the style of the day

Arnolfini Wedding

More on this painting: High realism, unity, meticulous detail, realistic light coming from the left. High realism, unity, meticulous detail, realistic light coming from the left. When was this painted in relation to other Italian Renaissance paintings? Donatello’s David Donatello’s David 60 years before Leonardo’s “Last Supper” 60 years before Leonardo’s “Last Supper” 100 years before Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” 100 years before Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment”

Remember this artist from earlier in the semester? BOTERO FERNANDO (1932) He also did his take on this painting.

For the fashion students in the class other Paintings by the artist

Rogier der Weyden- Portrait of a lady (1455) Compare it to Mona Lisa ( ) ? What personality do you think she has? What station in life? What’s the feeling of the painting? sharply contrasting outlines of lips and nose, or his emphasis on the slenderness of limbs - idealise his sitters, lending them a greater sophistication sharply contrasting outlines of lips and nose, or his emphasis on the slenderness of limbs - idealise his sitters, lending them a greater sophistication

Hieronymus Bosch Dutch ( ) Prado Great imagination Great imagination World of weird images and puzzling symbols World of weird images and puzzling symbols Packed with people (mostly naked, many things going on) Packed with people (mostly naked, many things going on)

Left Panel- Garden of Eden Amid exotic animals, plants and landscape, God is introducing Adam to Eve Amid exotic animals, plants and landscape, God is introducing Adam to Eve God’s beautiful creation God’s beautiful creation

Middle Panel-Garden of Delights Fantastic landscape Humanities constant search to satisfy its earthly delights with overindulgence and sin

Right Panel- The Garden of Satan Bosch version of Hell Bosch version of Hell Hundreds of figures are being tortured while the eggshell human tree trunk of Satan in the center supervises it all Hundreds of figures are being tortured while the eggshell human tree trunk of Satan in the center supervises it all The overindulgences and sin eventually lead people to Hell The overindulgences and sin eventually lead people to Hell Bosch is very pessimistic, no chance of salvation is shown Bosch is very pessimistic, no chance of salvation is shown

Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things decorated table top for King Phillip II of Spain (Prado) Death The last Judgement Hell Heaven Radiant all seeing eye of God GLUTTONY SLOTH LUST VANITY ANGER ENVY AVARICE

Pieter Brugel Painted peasants in their daily activities in ordinary landscapes Painted peasants in their daily activities in ordinary landscapes How has Brugel created depth in the return of the Hunters? How has Brugel created depth in the return of the Hunters?

Dürer, Albrecht (b ,Germany) German painter, printmaker, draughtsman and art theorist, generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist.Renaissance Dürer traveled, and found, he says, more appreciation abroad than at home. The Italian influence on his art was of a particularly Venetian strain He had an arranged marriage, and friends considered his wife, Agnes, to be mean and bad-tempered, though what their real marital relations were, nobody can tell. For all his apparent openness, Dürer is a reserved man, and perhaps it is this rather sad reserve that makes his work so moving. Self-Portrait at 26 (1498) (Prado) Any similarities to the Mona Lisa (painted ) ?

Printmaker- woodcuts and copper engraving- Guttenburg invented the printing press in 1446)(Both-Prado)

St. Michael's fight against the dragon 1498 (330 kB); Woodcut, 39.2 x 28.3 cm (15 x 11 1/8 in)

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 1498 ; woodcut

The Knight, Death and The Devil x19 cm Copper Engraving Copper Engraving

A Young Hare 1502 (140 kB); Watercolor and gouache on paper

Northern Renaissance Realism and Attention to detail Realism and Attention to detail Everyday life, everyday objects including using them for symbolism Everyday life, everyday objects including using them for symbolism Landscapes/domestic interiors……portraits Landscapes/domestic interiors……portraits Reformation less religious decoration in churches-more for private devotion Reformation less religious decoration in churches-more for private devotion Italian Renaissance Idealized beauty Greek/Roman themes Mythology Catholic Religious scenes- for public viewng

Northern Renaissance Main differences between the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance: Northern Renaissance Attention to surface detail, naturalism. Minute surface detail Oil on panel. Italian Renaissance Symmetrical, balanced, good sense of mass, linear perspective Figures with mass and volume, knowledge of underlying anatomy. Fresco, tempera, oil (venice).