Structure of Lymphoid System Components. FUNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PROTECTION AGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS INTO BODY PRODUCE / PROTECT GERM FREE ENVIRONMENT.

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Structure of Lymphoid System Components

FUNCTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PROTECTION AGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS INTO BODY PRODUCE / PROTECT GERM FREE ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY

EXAMPLES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE REACTION AGAINST MICROORGANISMS: BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PARASITES REACTION AGAINST TUMOR CELLS ALLERGIC REACTIONS: HAY FEVER, POISON IVY AUTOIMMUNE REACTION: ARTHRITIS, TYPE I DIABETES GRAFT REJECTION Appendix

Main Player, The Lymphocyte In different settings

Objective – Overview of Lymphoid System and Lymphopoiesis Primary organs Secondary organs

Life Cycle of Lymphocytes Fetal organs Bone marrow Primary lymphoid organs (Antigen independent development) - Thymus – T lymphocytes - Bone marrow - B lymphocytes Secondary lymphoid organs (Antigen dependent development) –Lymph nodes –Lymphoid nodules –Spleen

Life Cycle of Lymphocytes Fetal organs Bone marrow

Life Cycle of Lymphocytes Bone marrow

Life Cycle of Lymphocytes Bone marrow - megakaryocyte

Life Cycle of Lymphocytes Bone marrow Seeding primary organs

Thymus Growth pattern – regress after childhood Reticulum framework – epithelium (from endoderm) Cortex - absence of exogenous antigens Epithelial microenvironment Lymphopoiesis Blood-thymus barrier Medulla

Thymus Growth pattern - regress after childhood

Thymus Reticulum framework - epithelium Epithelium

Thymus Cortex: absence of exogenous antigens Epithelial microenvironment Lymphopoiesis Blood-thymus barrier (cortical barrier only) Medulla

Thymus Cortex and medulla

Thymus Cortex Epithelium

Thymus Cortex

Thymus Cortex cell division and cell death

Thymus Cortex and medulla

Thymus Medulla Hassall’s corpuscles

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Basic structure Lymphatic vessels Vasculature Reticular framework (mesoderm) Cortex o Follicles - B lymphocytes o Perifollicular - T lymphocytes Medulla o Cords o Sinuses

Lymph Node Hilum = single site for blood entry and exit

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Basic structure Lymphatic vessels Vasculature

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Basic structure - reticular framework

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Basic structure - reticular framework

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Basic structure - reticular framework

Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph Cortex o Follicles - B lymphocytes (in lymph nodule) o Perifollicular - T lymphocytes (in paracortex) B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

Medulla – cords and sinusesCortex Lymph Nodes - Filtration of Lymph

Lymph Nodes - Filtration Of Lymph Medulla – cords and sinuses

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymph flow Lymphopoiesis Lymphocyte circulation –High endothelial venules Receptors for T&B cells only –One-way traffic Gut-associated lymphoid tissue –Tonsils –Peyer’s patches

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymph flow

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymphopoiesis

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymphopoiesis

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymphocyte circulation –High endothelial venules Receptors for T&B cells only –One-way traffic

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissue Lymphocyte circulation High endothelial venules Receptors for T&B cells only One-way traffic

Recycling of Lymphocytes Through Lymph Nodes

Lymph Nodes – filtration of lymph to allow potentially active lymphocytes to see/respond to its antigen if present in the lymph

Lymph Node - Summary

Lymphoid Tissue Gut-associated lymphoid tissue –Tonsils

Lymphoid Tissue Gut-associated lymphoid tissue –Peyer’s Patches

204 Peyer’s Patches in the human appendix

Peyer’s Patches

Activated Lymphocyte that has seen its antigen

Roles and Specific Actions of Antibodies in Immunity Complement - mediated lysis Opsonization - promote phagocytosis Toxin neutralization Prevention of microbial binding to mucosal surface Virus neutralization - interferes with cell penetration Degranulation of mast cells

Spleen Overall structure Vascular arrangement White pulp Central artery Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath Follicles - B lymphocytes Red pulp Venous sinuses Pulp cords (Billroth’s strands/Cords of Billroth) Marginal zone

Spleen Overall structure Vascular arrangement

Spleen Overall structure Vascular arrangement

Spleen White pulp Central artery Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath Follicles - B lymphocytes Red pulp Venous sinuses Pulp cords (Billroth’s strands/Cords of Billroth) Marginal zone

Spleen White Pulp Red Pulp

Spleen White pulp

Spleen Reticular fiber framework Reticulum cell - mesoderm Blood flow Penicillar arteries Extravascular sojourn of blood cells Filtration Removal of old red blood cells Pitting of reticulocytes

Spleen Reticular fiber framework –Reticulum cell - mesoderm

Spleen Reticular fiber framework

Spleen Blood flow –Penicillar arteries Macrophages

Spleen Marginal zone Billroth’s Strand Littoral cells: picket- fence type endothelial cells of vascular sinus

Spleen Blood flow –Extravascular sojourn of blood cells

Spleen Blood flow –Extravascular sojourn of blood cells

Spleen Blood flow Filtration Removal of old red blood cells Littoral cells: picket- fence type endothelial cells of vascular sinus

Spleen Blood flow Filtration Removal of old red blood cells

Spleen Blood flow Filtration Removal of old red blood cells

Spleen Blood flow Filtration Removal of old red blood cells

Activated!

Natural Killer Cells aylhos&feature=fvwp&nr=1Http:// aylhos&feature=fvwp&nr=1

Summary

Functions of the Immune System Protection against foreign invaders into body Produce/protect germ free environment

Three Key Steps of Combating Infections reak the cycle of transmission ill the infectious agent ncrease host resistance e.g., increase immunity of host

Lines of Defense Second line: Phagocytes at work Neutrophils to ill the infectious agent Monocytes - macrophage

Characteristics of Immunity Acquired - requires exposure to antigens Specificity - response is unique to exposure Memory - remembers previous exposure ncrease host resistance through Immunity

Characteristics of Immunity Acquired - M ust be developed Specificity - Antibodies made are specific to specific molecules on the antigen of exposure

Characteristics of Immunity Memory: quick second response –Long lived cells

Types of Immune Response Antibody: mediated –Glycoproteins recognize and bind to antigens Cell: mediated –Specifically active cells recognize cell - bind antigens

Endocrine System Next time

Mammals

Flat Stanley

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