Type II این نوع ازدیاد حساسیت را سیتوتوکسیک هم می نامند

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Presentation transcript:

Type II این نوع ازدیاد حساسیت را سیتوتوکسیک هم می نامند زمان واکنش از چند دقیقه تا چند ساعت می باشد با واسطه آنتی بادیهای IgG و IgM و کمپلمان آسیب ها ایجاد می شوند. سلولهای فاگوسیت و NK نیزاز طریق ADCC در این رابطه نقش بازی می کنند. تست های تشخیصی شامل شناسایی آنتی بادی علیه آنتی ژنهای درگیر و حضور آنتی بادی و کمپلمان در بیوپسی ها و ضایعات بوسیله ایمنوفلوئورسانس در این نوع ازدیاد حساسیت واکنش های ایمنی متوجه آنتی ژنهای بافتی و یا آنتی ژنهای سطح سلولی است

Clinical Examples Transfusion reactions Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic disease of newborn Drug induced hemolytic anemia Cephalosporins Levodopa Methyldopa Penicillin and its derivatives Quinidine Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Autoimmune thrombocytopenia Pemphigus vulgaris(desmoglein ) Goodpastures syndrome Myasthenia gravis Graves disease Insulin resistant diabetes Pernicious anemia

Tissue injury mechanisms Antibodies may opsonize cells or activate the complement system Production of complement proteins that opsonize cells. These cells are phagocytosed and destroyed by phagocytes that express FcR and CR Main mechanism in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and hemolysis in transfusion reactions.

Type III (Immune complex mediated Diseases) كمپلكسهاي ايمني ممكن است متشكل از آنتي بادي هايي متصل شده به آنتي ژنهاي خودي و يا بيگانه باشند شماي پاتولوژيك اين بيماريها منعكس كننده محل رسوب اين كمپلكسها بوده و نه منشاء آنتي ژنها بنابراين اين بيماريها چندين بافت را ممكن است تحت تاثير قرار دهند در سال 1911دانشمندي بنام Von pirquet اولين بار اين بيماري را معرفي كرد

Type III (Immune complex mediated Diseases) The reaction may be general (e.g., serum sickness) or may involve individual organs including skin ( Arthus reaction), kidneys, lungs, blood vessels , joints or other organs. It is mediated by soluble immune complexes The reaction may take few hours after exposure to the antigen The lesion contains primarily neutrophils

Immune complex mediated diseases كمپلكسهاي ايمني در شرايط زير موجب بيماري مي شوند: ميزان زياد كمپلكس ها در صورتيكه اين كمپلكسها بطور موثرپاكسازي نشوند در بافت ها رسوب كنند ميزان رسوب كمپلكسها در بافتها بوسيله ماهيت كمپلكسهاوويژگيهاي عروق خوني تعيين مي شود كمپلكسهاي كوچك اغلب فاگوسيت نمي شوند وبيشتر از كمپلكسهاي درشت تمايل به رسوب در عروق دارند آنتي ژنهاي كاتيوني به تركيبات با بار منفي در غشاء پايه عروق خوني و گلومرولها يا مفاصل متصل مي شوند اين كمپلكسهاآسيب هاي بافتي شديدوطولاني ايجاد مي كنند

Tissue injury mechanisms Antibodies may opsonize cells or activate the complement system Production of complement proteins that opsonize cells. These cells are phagocytosed and destroyed by phagocytes that express FcR and CR Main mechanism in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and hemolysis in transfusion reactions.

Tissue injury mechanisms آنتي باديهايي كه در بافت ها رسوب كرده اند با فعال كردن كمپلمان ،نوتروفيلها و ماكروفاژها را فراخوانده و سپس اين سلولها به آنتي باديها ويا پروتئينهاي كمپلمان متصل شده وفعال مي شوند. آنزيمهاي ليزوزومال و راديكالهاي آزاد از اين سلولهاي التهابي ترشح شده و موجب اسيب بافتي مي شوند.

Tissue injury mechanisms آنتي باديهايي كه به گيرنده هاي طبيعي سلولها ويا ساير پروتئينهامتصل شده اندممكن است در عملكرد اين گيرنده ها و يا پروتئينها مداخله كرده و موجب بيماري شوند بدون اينكه باعث التهاب و يا آسيب بافتي شوند. اين مكانيسم علت بيماريهاي Grave و Myasthenia gravis است

آنتي باديهايي كه باعث بيماريهاي خاص سلولي و يا بافتي مي شوند معمولا اتوآنتي بادي هستند در بعضي شرايط آنتي بادي ممكن است عليه يك آنتي ژن خارجي (ميكروب) توليد شود ولي با تركيبات بافت خودي واكنش متقاطع دهد(cross reaction)

Some diseases caused by immune complexes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis Vasculitis Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Transplantation A graft transplanted from one individual to the same individual is called autograft A graft transplanted between two genetically identical is called syngeneic graft A graft transplanted between two genetically different individuals of the same species is called allograft A graft transplanted between individuals of different species is called xenograft The molecules that are recognized as foreign on allografts are called alloantigens The lymphocytes and antibodies that react with alloantigens are alloreactive

Alloreactive T cells The activation of alloreactive T cells require presentation of alloantigenes by donor drived APC in the graft or by host APC that present graft alloantigens

Effector mechanisms of allograft rejection Graft rejection is classified on the basis of histopathologic features or the time course of rejection after transplantation . 1)Hyperacute 2)Acute 3)chronic

Hyperacute rejection Mediated by preexisting antibodies that bind to donor endothelial antigens Activation of complement induce a number of changes in the graft endothelium that promote intravascular thrombosis Begins within minutes to hours aftertransplantation

Acute rejection Mediated by antibodies and T cells that usually begins after the first week of transplantation Th and Tc cells by responding to MHC molecules present on vascular endothelial or parenchymal cells cause direct lysis of graft cells or produce cytokines that recruit and activate inflammatory cells which injure the graft Antibodies to vessel wall antigens also mediated acute rejection

Chronic rejection Characterized by fibrosis and vascular abnormalities with loss of graft function occurring during a prolonged period