BE Lesson 3: Capacitors What are capacitors? How are they used? How are they made? What are their sizes? What is an RC time constant?

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Presentation transcript:

BE Lesson 3: Capacitors What are capacitors? How are they used? How are they made? What are their sizes? What is an RC time constant?

(1663) Guericke invents friction based spark generating machine 

Peter van Musschenbroek’s “Leyden Jar” (an early version of a capacitor) Metal Ball

BE demo 3-1. James Wimshurst’s electrostatic generator (1883) with Peter van Musschenbroek’s Leyden Jar (1745) ES demo 2-6

What are capacitors?

How capacitors work? Vs V c = 0 +Q = 0 -Q = 0 I c = 0 C = capacitance (farads) Q = electron or ion charge on metal plates (coulombs) I c = current (amps) Vs = DC voltage source (battery voltage) Vs VcVc Electric Field +Q -Q electrons Vs V s or Electric Field +Q -Q IcIc

Capacitor come in a large range of sizes. 1 micro-Farad = 1  F = 10 ^-6 farad = (1/1,000,000) Farad 1 nano-Farad = 1 nF = 10 ^-9 farad = (1/1,000)  F 1 pico-Farad = 1 pF = 10 ^-12 farad = (1/1,000) nF

BE ckt 3-2. Observe how a capacitor operates uf  volts LED 220  Adapted from Discover Electronics: Mr Circuit One, Electronic Kourseware Interactive, 2002 (

BE ckt 3-2 hookup diagram Normally open (NO) push button switch uf 220 LED volts Long lead of LED (+) goes up. + ES ckt 8-2

What is an RC time constant (  sec  ? After one time-constant (  ), the capacitor is ~ 63% discharged. After 5 time-constants (5  ), the capacitor is ~ 99% discharged. This chart will help us choose the size capacitors and resistors for later projects.

BE ckt 3-3. Time constants for two example resistors uf VOM 9 volts

BE ckt 3-3 hookup diagram push button switch uf R volts :20 vdc Volt Meter ES ckt 8-4

What if we need a special size capacitor? How to calculate size if in series or parallel.