Introduction to Mapping What is a Map? A map is a representation of the Earth’s features drawn on a flat surface. Maps use symbols and colours to represent features of an area, simplifying the real world.

Essential Features on a Map THINK “STABLED” Scale – represents the relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world –Example: 1cm = 1km or 1: or Title – identifies the area shown, topic, focus, or purpose of the map –Example: Political Map of Canada Arrow for Direction – represented with an arrow or compass rose –Example: Border – sets the map apart from other information and keeps info neat and organized on the page. - Example:

Essential Features on a Map THINK “STABLED” Legend – explains the meaning of symbols and colours used on the map –Example: Effort – make an effort for neatness and correct spelling, etc. Date of Publication – indicates how recent the map is –Example: February 6, 2014

Map Labelling & Colouring Cartography is the art of drawing accurate, easily readable, attractive maps. Labels –Should be neatly printed; –Should be spelled correctly; –Should be parallel (horizontal) to the base of the map (except for natural features such as names of rivers and mountain ranges, which follow the shape of the natural feature); –A symbol such as a dot should be used to accurately locate cities, with the name of the city as close to the dot as possible;

Map Labelling & Colouring Labels (continued) –Larger features usually have larger labels signifying level of importance. For example: Water Body City PROVINCE C O U N T R Y –Labels should not block other information on the map!

Map Labelling & Colouring Colouring –Maps should be properly colour coded to show the different areas on the map; –Colour consistently and neatly so that there are no light or dark patches of one colour within one feature; –White or black are not acceptable colours; –Grey should be used for areas not important to the map (such as another country not part of map theme); –Blue should only be used for water bodies; –Colours should be light enough that labels can be easily read.

Using an Atlas to Locate Places A Gazetteer is Geographical Index of places listed alphabetically, usually found at the back of an Atlas book. Example: –Look up Cambridge under the Canadian Index and write down the info that is provided for you. Cambridge: _________________________________ Info Means: *Now follow this info to find Cambridge on a Map in your Atlas! Can you find it?

Points on a Compass A compass is a way of finding direction The four cardinal directions are: North, East, South, and West There are also twelve inter-cardinal directions in between these starting four (i.e. NE for NorthEast) These directions all have corresponding degrees of a circle (0° → 360°). These are called bearings degrees. For Example: East has a bearing of 90°

Compass Rose “The Compass Rose Song”

Lines on the Earth Latitude –imaginary lines that measure the distance north or south of the Equator (0°) –lines are parallel to the Equator at regular intervals (approximately 111 kilometres apart), so the lines run across maps and globes from East to West.

Lines on the Earth The Equator

Lines on the Earth Longitude –imaginary lines that measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0°) –all lines converge (join) at the poles and therefore are not at a fixed distance apart (they get closer together the closer to the poles, and get wider at the equator). The lines run north to south across maps an globes. –the Prime Meridian (0°) was arbitrarily chosen at a point that runs through Greenwich, England –the International Date Line (180°) is the point where one day begins and another day ends

Lines on the Earth –The Prime Meridian

Time Zones in Canada – Link to Longitude! Time Zones There are 6 time zones in Canada The Prime MeridianThe International Date Line

Time Zones of Canada

Time Zones Around the World There are 24 time zones around the world, 1 time zone for each hour that our planet rotates (spins) around its axis (i.e. there are 24 hours in 1 full day). Time zones start at Greenwhich Mean Time (GMT) which runs through London, England in the United Kingdom. Places to the East of the time zone are later in the day (so we add time – 1 hour for each time zone travelled through), while places to West of this time zone are earlier in the day (so we subtract time – 1 hour for each time zone travelled through). There are however, several exceptions to this rule! (3 minutes)

Time Zones Around the World

Three Types of Map Scale Scale shows the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the Earth’s surface –Direct Statement Scale (or Verbal Scale) uses words to describe what a distance on a map represents in the real world 1 cm equals 10 kilometres, 1cm represents 10 km –Linear Scale (or Line Scale) uses a special ruler on a map to show what a distance on a map represents in the real world 0 km400 km –Representative Fraction Scale (or Ratio Scale) is a ratio where one unit on a map represents a specific number of the same units in the real world 1: (1 cm on the map represents cm in the real world)

Scale Type of MapLand Area DetailExample Large Scale Maps small A large amount of detail of a small area (streets, schools, railways, …) Topographic maps, road maps, city bus maps, etc. Small Scale Maps large A small amount of detail of a large area (borders, lakes, large rivers, …) Globes, world maps, atlases, etc.

Types of Maps General Purpose Maps –A map drawn to scale using symbols and colours to indicate major roads for transportation purposes –Often includes parks, hospitals, and tourist attractions –Can be both small scale (a country map) and large scale (a city map)

Types of Maps General Purpose Map of the “Golden Horseshoe” (Niagara Falls to Clarington)

Types of Maps Topographic Maps –A map using symbols and colours for both natural and human features on the Earth’s surface; –Shows the Earth’s surface in a lot of detail (large scale map of a small area); –Shows the height of land features (elevation) called contour lines –Shows human features such as: roads, settlements, individual houses, hospitals, etc. and –Shows natural features such as: vegetation cover, swamps, mountains, etc.

Topographic Map

Types of Maps Topographic Map of Blue Mountain (Collingwood)

Types of Maps Thematic Maps –A map that reveals the geographic patterns of statistical data –Are designed to display distributions over the Earth’s surface –Usually focuses on one theme or topic (e.g., population distribution)

Types of Maps Thematic map showing electricity generating stations in Canada

Types of Maps Digital Maps –Computer programs –Handheld devices –Online

Types of Maps Google Maps is an example of an online map.

Types of Maps Google Earth is an example of a computer program using digital maps.