Agenda: Review: parts o speechReview: parts o speech PhrasesPhrases Using quotesUsing quotes Peer Review: Mini-PaperPeer Review: Mini-Paper English 155 Meeting 3

Review Sentence Challenge: make 10-word sentences! – Each student has 2 words (noun & verb) – Combine w/ as many students as possible to create sentences of 10 words OR MORE. MUST use your own word in EACH sentence Each sentence must use a DIFFERENT classmate’s word (must meet with ALL classmates if possible!) – First person to reach 10 sentences WINS hw pass Complete the Mad Libs – can use cheat sheets

Review game Write down 5 words in EACH category NOUN PRONOUN VERB ADVERB ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION During class today, I will ask you to stand up and give me one of these

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb and also expresses a complete thought. Video on the Subject of the Sentence Complete sentence

1. His family would be elated. 2. Someone was raking the leaves. 3. His father called out his name. 4. The old man tore open the envelope. 5. The message was brief. Practice Identifying Subjects

Phrases A phrase is a group of words belonging together but lacking one or more of the three elements necessary for a sentence.

Phrases Noun phrase – a noun with all of its modifiers Prepositional phrase – a preposition+ its modifiers Verb phrase – a main verb with its helping verbs/modifiers Infinitive phrase – the word “to”+verb + other words completing the phrase. Participial Phrase – a present or past participle and the other words that complete the phrase. Gerund phrase – present participle and the other words that complete the phrase

Phrases Phrases formed with VERBS that don’t function as Verbs! – Infinitive phrase (to + verb) – Participial phrase (verb+ as adjective) – Gerund phrase (noun formed from a verb -such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

Prepositions tell where or how. The subject & verb are NEVER found within the prepositional phrase. Prepositions Common Prepositions aboutbehindexceptontotowardintonear abovebelowforoutunderoflike acrossbeneathfromoutsideintoonwithin afterbesideinoverunlikeatwith againstbetweenInsidePastuntilasto

Identify the prepositional phrases below 1.On Friday, January 27, 2006, Western Union sent its last telegram. 2.With the ascendancy of modern technology, the telegram is no longer needed. 3.In 1851 in Rochester, New York, Western Union had its beginnings. 4.Most people thought Western Union had many uses to the public through its history. Prep. Phrases

Phrases Infinitive phrases – Multiple words that function as a noun – To continue this argument would be useless. – She began to move gracefully. Infinitive Phrase __________________________________ ________________________ Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive or Prepositional? An Infinitive is the basic form of a verb – "To jump“ "To ask“ A prepositional phrase describes time, location, possession (where, when, and whose) – "In“ "Around" "Over“ "Beside" In front of a NOUN (or adj/noun combination)? It is a Prepositional Phrase In front of a Verb(or adv/verb)? It is an INFINITIVE phrase

Practice 1.To say goodbye to him was quite the challenge. 2.The trail of evidence led directly to him. 3.We were lucky to have discovered his fraudulent activities. 4.The manager had forced him to tell the truth. 5.His leaving will be a relief to the staff. INF PP INF PP Subj Verb Subj Verb

Participial Phrase Uses a participle (the –ing form of a verb) to perform the function of an adjective in a sentence Base verb + ing – Run+ ing Running Running home, he cried to his mom! Subject Verb __ ____ ________ Participial Phrase

Participial Phrase Running home, the worker lost her wallet. Looking very unhappy, she retraced her steps. Greatly disappointed, she could not find it. Told tearfully, the story saddened her. Subject Verb _____ ___ Participial Phrase Subject Verb ___ _______ ____________ Participial Phrase Subject Verb ___ ___________ ____________ Participial Phrase Subject Verb ____ ________ _______ Participial Phrase

Gerund phrase Using the present participle (verb+ing) as a NOUN Long distance running is a strenuous exercise. I like long-distance running. Verb _ ____________ Gerund phrase as SUBJECT Subj Verb _ ___ _____________ Gerund phrase as object.

Practice 1.Standing totally still, the child hoped the bee would fly away. 2.Playing the violin is not easy. 3.The athlete will try deep-sea diving. 4.Waiting patiently, we ordered something to drink. 5.Edited slowly and carefully, the essay was much improved P G G P P Subj Verb Subj Ver b Subj Verb Subj Verb Subj Verb

Practice 1.In the past, play was usually unsupervised. 2.Parents seldom made “play dates” for their children. 3.Playing on the street or in a vacant lot was the norm. 4.Expecting to be entertained, children today often complain about being bored Prepos. Verb phrase Gerund Participial phrase Subj Ver b Subj Verb Subj Verb Subj Verb

Practice (cont.) 5. They depend on video games to structure their time. 6. Parents are spending money on too many movies and video games. 7. What is wrong with boredom? 8. Blessed with restless energy, children could find more creative ways to play infinitive Verb phr Prep Participial phrase Subj Verb Subj Verb Subj VerbVerb Verb

Present Participle: 3 Functions When can I use –ing? 1.Verb! 1.The student was taking an exam. 2.Participial Phrase! 1.Taking an exam, the student felt stressed. 3.Gerund Phrase! 1.Taking an exam can be stressful. Subject Verb ___________ _____ Subject Verb _____ ___ Subject Verb ___ _____

Common Fragment Types PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE I hope to complete the requirements for my major. By the end of next semester. I hope to complete the requirements for my major by the end of next semester. FRAGMENT Correct

Common Fragment Types INCOMPLETE VERBS: past or present participles without the helping verb The student sleeping in the back row. The student was sleeping in the back row. FRAGMENT Correct

Common Fragment Types Dependent Clause: Group of words that contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought because of the beginning word. I kept working on my essay. Although I was tired. I kept working on my essay, although I was tired. FRAGMENT Correct

Practice 1.Early morning a time of peace in my neighborhood. 2.The gray mist covering up all but the 1. Early morning is a time of peace in my neighborhood. 2. The gray mist is covering up all but the faint outlines of nearby houses.

Practice 3. The shapes of cars in the streets and driveways 4. To sit and look out the window 3. I can barely make out the shapes of cars in the streets and driveways 4. Often if I have the time, I sit and look out the window.

Test That afternoon the street was full of children. Taking a shower in the rain. Soaping themselves and rushing out into the storm. To wash off the suds. In a few minutes it was all over. Including the rubdown. The younger children took their showers naked. Teetering on the tips of their toes and squealing at one another. The stately coconut palm in one corner of the patio. Thrashed its high branches.

Using Quotes Part of the Joy of Research Papers

Using Quotes/Paraphrases Your quote can’t make your point for you. YOU must make your point. Use a quote, tell the reader WHAT it shows and why.

Quoting Quotations must be identical to the original (unless you use … or []), using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. – Direct quotation. The young author states, “I had been granted unusual freedom and responsibility at an early age” (Krakauer, 148).

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. – Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109).

Summarizing Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems to be working out his own past and his relationship with his father as well as telling the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he understands something about the call of the wild.

Signal the Use of a Source Read & highlight the handout Introduce your sources – Dialogue Tags – Phrases – Sentences Divide your sources Use Key Phrases

Try it on YOUR quote(s) Fill out a paragraph organizer for YOUR main points/ quotes

Quotation Punctuation Period goes AFTER the quote Citation: use 1 st thing in the Works Cited page (usually author’s last name or article title)

Works Cited Use Make sure ALL information is correct Works Cited goes on its OWN PAGE – Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses incorrect MLA yr.

Peer Revision Mini-Research Paper