On half-sheet write your research question AND an initial response to this question.

What happened to Russia? Civil War broke after the October Revolution Bolsheviks (the Red Army) vs. The Whites The Bolsheviks won in 1921 Major policy disruptions that caused problems

War Communism All industry was nationalized and strict centralized management was introduced. State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced. Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shot Obligatory labor duty imposed onto "non-working classes." Prodrazvyorstka – taking agricultural surpluses from peasants to redistribute. Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in urban centers in a centralized way. Private enterprise became illegal. Military-style control of railroads.

How do we summarize “war communism”? Ability to for the Bolsheviks to take total control Historian Richard Pipes argued: Bolsheviks used excuse of war communism to eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange. The leaders expected an immediate and large scale increase in economic output

Kronstadt Rebellion Wanted new elections of Soviets Freedom of political prisoners Elimination of political armies Return of private work Result: 60,000 soliders attacked the rebels Petrograd—martial law Estimated that over 1,000 workers killed

Result of the Kronstadt Rising Even though Bolsheviks won: Vladimir Lenin stated that Kronstadt "lit up reality like a lightning flash". Lenin concluded that world revolution was not imminent Replaced War Communism with his New Economic Policy Ban—all factions banned in the Communist Party

New Economic Policy Adopted in 1921 Allowed small, privately owned firms and traders to operate Established an alliance with peasants Allowed them to sell surplus to private markets State kept control of major industry and foreign trade

Effect of the NEP Left feared a restoration of capitalism Right argued that it was essential Though they overlooked fight between kulaks and nepmen Kulak—rich peasant Nepmen—traders who gained money under NEP

Lenin’s Illness By 1922 Lenin had his first stroke Personal rivalries emerged among the politburo (communist party that made decisions): Trotsky Zinoviev Kamenev Bukharin Stalin** Served as the general secretary of the communist party Had power to appoint and dismiss party officials

Lenin’s Testament Became concerned about the personal and political tensions Outlined the strengths and weaknesses of the Communist Party

Review