Selected Factors Affecting Motor Development © Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Motor Development. Boston: McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

4-2 Both the processes and products of motor development are influenced by a wide variety of factors operating in isolation and in conjunction with one another.

4-3  Developmental Direction:  Cephalocaudal: Progression from head to tail  Proximodistal: Progression from center to periphery  Growth Rate:  Self-regulatory fluctuation  Developmental plasticity  Reciprocal Interweaving:  Differentiation  Integration

4-4  Learning Readiness:  Developmental convergence  Biological/environmental/physical  Critical & Sensitive Learning Periods:  Narrow vs. broad time frames  Individual Differences :  The mythical “average”  Phylogeny & Ontogeny:  “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” (or does it?)

4-5  Infant Bonding:  Imprinting vs. sensitive periods  Long term outcomes  Stimulation and Deprivation:  Extreme conditions  Developmental rate  Developmental sequence

4-6  Prematurity:  Low birth weight : LBW = gms. / lbs  ‘small-for-date’ = -2SD < X for gestational age  Very low birth weight: VLBW =< 1500gms. /<3.31lbs  Preterm infants: expected birth weight for gestational age but < 37 weeks gestation ‘young-for date’  Consequences: (figure 4.1 )  Long term effects  Young-for-date

4-7  Obesity:  Overweight: BMI >25  Obesity: BMI >30  BMI chart: (table 4.1)  Prevalence: (tables 4.2 & 4.3)  An International Epidemic: (see International Perspectives )  Consequences: (table 4.4)  Genetics & obesity: 70% chance of being obese adult if not slimmed down by age 14  Ethnicity and obesity: (table 4.3)

4-8  Known Risk Factors: -Type II Diabetes -Heart Disease -Stroke -Hypertension -Rheumatoid Arthritis -Osteoarthritis -Sleep Apnea -Some Forms of Cancer -Gallbladder Disease -Heat Disorders  Associated With: -Elevated Cholesterol -Pregnancy Complications -Menstrual Irregularities -Excessive Body/Facial Hair -Carpel Tunnel Syndrome -Daytime Sleepiness -Gout -Impaired Immune Response -Impaired Respiratory Function

4-9  Eating Disorders:  Binge eating without purging: “Triggers” = depression & negative emotions  Bulimia: Binge-purge process  Anorexia: Self-starving process  Prevalence : 90% female; 3-4% of population  Consequences: (table 4.5)

4-10 Binge Eating:Anorexia:Bulimia: Binging without purging Obsession with dieting Binging with purging Irregular weight loss Steady weight lossIrregular weight loss Frequently obeseIncreased & intensive physical activity Long bathroom breaks after meals Obsessed with foodToo concerned with weight Loss of tooth enamel

4-11 Binge Eating:Anorexia:Bulimia: Disgusted with self after binging episode Denial of hunger Exaggerated fear of gaining weight Frequent history of depression Social isolationImpulsivity Frequent among those on medically supervised weight loss program Obsessed with dieting & talk of food Throat, esophagus, stomach, or colon problems

4-12  Fitness Levels:  Physical Activity/Inactivity  Physical Fitness: Genetic basis; nutritional status; environmental influences  Health-related components  Performance-related components  Biomechanics:  Balance: Center of gravity; line of gravity; base of support (figure 4.2)  Giving force: Newton’s 3 Laws: Inertia; Acceleration; Action/Reaction (figure 4.3)  Receiving force: Distance; surface area (figure 4.4)

4-13 Motor development is a complex process influenced by numerous factors within the biology of the individual, the conditions of the learning environment, and the requirements of the movement task: All of which profoundly influence the products of developmental change.