Ch. 12

Leaves:  made of a blade (flat part), veins (tubes that carry water and sugar)  Where photosynthesis takes place Roots  pull water from the soil into the plant to send to all the other parts  keep the plant anchored in the soil Stems:  Can be either woody (tougher, less flexible) or herbaceous (softer, more flexible)  support the leaves/flowers  allow food/water to move from roots   leaves

Fibers: extremely long, narrow cells extremely long, narrow cells not hollow not hollow very strong very strong usually grouped with other fibers usually grouped with other fibers

Epidermis - outermost tissue - made of flat, tightly packed cells - prevents water loss by making a waxy covering called the cuticle

Anatomy is the bodily structure of an organism There are 4 distinct anatomical parts of plant: Cell walls Plastids Xylem Phloem

Made of cellulose (long chains of glucose sugar molecules linked together) Made of cellulose (long chains of glucose sugar molecules linked together) Provide mechanical support or bear the weight of the plant Provide mechanical support or bear the weight of the plant  From little mosses to giant sequoias Plants are also supported by turgor pressure Plants are also supported by turgor pressure Turgor pressure is caused by the presence of water inside plant cells Turgor pressure is caused by the presence of water inside plant cells More water  increase in firmness More water  increase in firmness

Chloroplasts are plastids that have the green pigment chlorophyll Chloroplasts are plastids that have the green pigment chlorophyll This allows the plant to use light to make glucose sugars (through photosynthesis) This allows the plant to use light to make glucose sugars (through photosynthesis) Other plastids have unique pigments to give the plant color – like in petals or fruit Other plastids have unique pigments to give the plant color – like in petals or fruit Some plastids store starch or oils Some plastids store starch or oils

Xylem is plant tissue  tissues are groups of cells that work together for a common purpose Xylem is made of long, hollow cells that are joined end to end Their cell walls grow stronger as they age Their purpose is to carry water from the roots up the stem to the leaves Old xylem = heartwood New xylem = sapwood

Phloem is plant tissue that carries the sugar and other nutrients produced through photosynthesis in the leaves down through the rest of the plant Phloem is plant tissue that carries the sugar and other nutrients produced through photosynthesis in the leaves down through the rest of the plant Phloem is found on the outside of xylem cells Phloem is found on the outside of xylem cells They are not completely hollow tubes, but still transport fluids They are not completely hollow tubes, but still transport fluids

A vascular bundle is made of xylem and phloem tissue A vascular bundle is made of xylem and phloem tissue

Nonvascular - no true tissues - live near constant water sources Ex: - Mosses - liverworts - hornworts Human Uses: - medicine - fuel - landscaping Seedless Vascular - have true tissues - must have water for reproduction - Do not produce seeds Ex: - Horsetails - ferns Human Uses: - clothing, bedding, food, decor, fuel Seed bearing Vascular - do not need water for reproduction so can live in many places - produce seeds - 2 main groups: Gymnosperms (“naked Seed”) - pines, spruce, and gingko Angiosperms (“covered seed”) - fruit trees

Monocot Leaves Stems Roots Dicot Leaves Stems Roots