What is supply? Supply is the amount of a product that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at all prices To analyze supply, we use a… Supply Schedule – a table that lists the quantities supplied at different prices in a market Supply Curve – a graph of the supply schedule

Supply Schedule for Painting Services

Supply Curve for Painting Services $ Rooms Painted per Week Price per Room

Law of Supply Law says If prices are high = quantity supplied increases If prices are low = quantity supplied decreases Price and quantity supplied have a direct relationship Quantity Supplied amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at a specific price

What can cause supply to change? Week 1: I try to sell 10 pretzels at $0.75. Week 2: I try to sell 20 pretzels at $1.00 each. The PRICE increase of pretzels caused my supply to change. This is called a CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED!

Change in Quantity Supplied $ Rooms Painted per Week Price per Room A B Shown by movement along the supply curve PRICE changes always cause changes in Qs!!

What can cause supply to change? Week 1: I try to sell 10 pretzels at $0.75. Week 2: I try to sell 30 pretzels at $0.75. This time PRICE did NOT change. Task! Provide a reason for my supply change. Any of these reasons cause a CHANGE IN SUPPLY (not the Qs at one specific price). In this case the Qs at all prices will change!

Increase in Supply Quantity Supplied Price S1S1

Increase in Supply – Curve Shift to the Right Quantity Supplied Price S1S1 S2S2

Decrease in Supply Quantity Supplied Price S1S1

Decrease in Supply – Curve Shift to the Left Quantity Supplied Price S1S1 S1S1

Supply Shifters Cost of Inputs Input costs refer to costs of production Increasing or decreasing costs will impact supply Productivity The more productive workers are or the more efficiently businesses use resources then supply increases! Number of Producers/Sellers When more businesses enter the market = supply increases or vice-versa Technology New technology usually shifts curve to the right Natural Disasters or International Events Hurricanes, floods, wildfires decrease supply Wars and revolutions can have similar effects

Supply shifters continued… Government Policy Increased regulations restrict supply Relaxed regulations increase supply Tax on the manufacture or sale of a good = decreases supply Subsidy (cash payment to producers) = increases supply Producer Expectations Anticipation of future events can affect supply curve 1. Producers think prices will go up = decrease supply NOW 2. Producers think prices will go down = increase supply NOW

Reminders PRICE is NOT a supply shifter. When price changes, there is movement along the curve. A change in supply, caused by factors other than the price of a particular good, is when the curve shifts. Shift to right = increase in supply Shift to left = decrease in supply

The federal government begins offering large subsidies on the development and production of alternative fuel vehicles. What will this do to the market for alternative fuel vehicles?

The federal government lifts its ban on animal cloning. Scientists develop a super-cow. This new breed of cow is four times larger than a regular cow. What will this do to the market for cow manure?

Ten additional hair salons open in Doylestown Borough. What will this do to the market for hair extensions and hair cuts in Doylestown Borough?

Leather sofa workers are now allowed to sit in their finished couches during breaks, lunch, etc. Because they are so well rested, workers can produce double the couches in the same amount of work time. What will this do to the market for leather couches?

Elasticity of Supply Supply elasticity measures the sensitivity of producers to a change in price Small increase in price leads to large change in quantity supplied = elastic Small increase in price leads to little change in quantity supplied = inelastic Examples of elastic & inelastic Candy Bananas Oil Yogurt

Supply & Demand Interaction In a perfectly competitive market, supply & demand work together to determine prices. The interaction usually creates 3 scenarios: Equilibrium Shortage Surplus

Market Equilibrium Equilibrium – point at which quantity supplied = quantity demanded IN OTHER WORDS: Qd = Qs Price in equilibrium is the equilibrium price and the quantity in equilibrium is the equilibrium quantity

Market Equilibrium Price equilibrium can be found where the supply curve intersects the demand curve

Market Equilibrium Price 0Quantity

Market Equilibrium Price S D 0Quantity

Market Equilibrium Price S D A Q1Q1 0 P1P1 Quantity

Market Equilibrium Price S D A Equilibrium Q1Q1 0 P1P1 Quantity

Market Equilibrium Price S D A Equilibrium Q1Q1 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price Quantity

Market Equilibrium Equilibrium Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium Q1Q1 0 P1P1 Quantity Equilibrium Price The equilibrium price is also known as the “market-clearing” price. At this price, both consumers and producers are satisfied.

Equilibrium Changes If demand increases… P _______ & Q _______ If demand decreases… P _______ & Q _______

An Increase in Demand Quantity Price 0 P1P1 Q1Q1 A S1S1 D1D1

An Increase in Demand Quantity Price 0 P1P1 Q1Q1 A (Original Market Equilibrium) S1S1 D2D2 D1D1

An Increase in Demand Quantity Price B 0 P1P1 Q1Q1 A S1S1 D2D2 D1D1

An Increase in Demand Quantity Price B Q2Q2 0 P2P2 P1P1 Q1Q1 A S1S1 D2D2 D1D1

An Increase in Demand Quantity Price B(New Market Equilibrium) Q2Q2 0 P2P2 P1P1 Q1Q1 A S1S1 D2D2 D1D1

Equilibrium Changes If supply increases… P _______ & Q _______ If supply decreases… P _______ & Q _______

An Increase in Supply Quantity Price A (original market equilibrium) Q1Q1 0 P1P1 S1S1 D1D1

An Increase in Supply Quantity Price A Q1Q1 0 P1P1 S1S1 D1D1 S2S2

An Increase in Supply Quantity Price A Q1Q1 0 P1P1 P2P2 Q2Q2 B (New Market Equilibrium) S1S1 D1D1 S2S2

What happens when the price isn’t “right”? When prices are set above or below the equilibrium price, disequilibrium occurs and results in… shortages surpluses

Shortage Shortage – is a situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at a given price IN OTHER WORDS: Qd > Qs Shortage can also be called “Excess Demand” When price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage and the price tends to rise towards equilibrium

Excess Demand Quantity Price S D 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price Equilibrium

Excess Demand Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price below Equilibrium Price

Excess Demand Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price below Equilibrium Price Qs0Qs0

Excess Demand Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price below Equilibrium Price Qs0Qs0 Qd0Qd0

Surplus explained by Michael Scott

Surplus Surplus– is a situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a given price IN OTHER WORDS: Qd < Qs Surplus can also be called “Excess Supply” When price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus and the price tends to fall towards equilibrium

Excess Supply Quantity Price D Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price S

Excess Supply Quantity Price D Equilibrium 0 P2P2 Price above Equilibrium Price P1P1 Equilibrium Price S

Excess Supply Quantity Price D Equilibrium 0 P2P2 Price above Equilibrium Price P1P1 Equilibrium Price S Qd2Qd2

Excess Supply Quantity Price D 0 P2P2 Price above Equilibrium Price P1P1 Equilibrium Price S Equilibrium Qs2Qs2 Qd2Qd2

What Roles Do Prices Play in a Modern Mixed Economy? Purpose Prices help consumers understand the costs of their decisions and help producers make production decisions. Prices provide an incentive for firms and workers to produce. Prices give markets flexibility to respond to changing conditions. Prices guide scarce resources to their most efficient uses.

Prices Up until now, we have assumed that the market is competitive and that prices, along with quantities offered for sale, are allowed to fluctuate Is this a good thing? Why? Would there ever be a time when prices would need to be controlled? Why?

Price Controls Governments implement price controls when prices are considered unfairly high for consumers or unfairly low for producers Price Floor – minimum legal price Prevents prices from going too low Usually results in an excess of supply = surplus Ex: Minimum Wage Price Ceiling – maximum legal price Prevents prices from going too high Usually results in an excess of demand = shortage Ex. Rent Control

Price Ceiling = Shortage Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price Below Equilibrium Price (Price Ceiling)

Price Ceiling = Shortage Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price below Equilibrium Price Qs0Qs0

Price Ceiling = Shortage Quantity Price S D A Equilibrium 0 P1P1 Equilibrium Price P0P0 Price below Equilibrium Price Qs0Qs0 Qd0Qd0

Price Floor = Surplus Quantity Price D Equilibrium 0 P2P2 Price Above Equilibrium Price (Price Floor) P1P1 Equilibrium Price S

Price Floor = Surplus Quantity Price D Equilibrium 0 P2P2 Price above Equilibrium Price P1P1 Equilibrium Price S Qd2Qd2

Price Floor = Surplus Quantity Price D 0 P2P2 Price above Equilibrium Price P1P1 Equilibrium Price S Equilibrium Qs2Qs2 Qd2Qd2

Government Intervention Cause To achieve social goals, the government fixes prices. Effect Prices cannot adjust to their equilibrium levels.

Analyzing How Events Impact Markets 1. Does this event change the price of the good or service that is in question? If so, it is a change in Qd or Qs (movement along curve). The factor is always PRICE. 2. Does the event affect demand or supply? Look for key words in the scenario to point you in the right direction. 3. Does the event shift the selected curve to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease)? 4. Which factor/shifter caused the change to the market. 5. How have equilibrium price and quantity changed?