Personality Disorder Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts, and are inflexible and maladaptive, and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress

Types of Personality Disorders A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety B) Disorders in relating with others C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with reality All disorders have some of these characteristics

10 Personality Disorders Dependent Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder

Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety Dependent Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Score 2 = T 7 = F 14 = F 22 = F 29 = T 41 = F 53 = F 59 = T

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Four of the following 1) Over concern with rules and details 2) Perfectionism 3) Workaholism 4) Inflexibility –A set way of thinking or behaving

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 5) Packrat behavior –Note: seems opposite to other aspects (Freud) 6) Inability to delegate 7) Miserliness 8) Rigidity and stubbornness

Disorders in relating to others Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Score 6 = T 8 = T 33 = T 42 = T 48 = T 49 = T 60 = T

Paranoid Personality Disorder A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent Preoccupied with concerns about the loyalty and trustworthiness of others Misinterpret or over interpret situations in line with their suspicions Suspicious of other’s motives Sees hidden messages in benign comments

Score 10 = F 21 = T 24 = F 27 = F 32 = T 48 = F 51 = T 57 = T

Histrionic Personality Disorder A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking Pursue attention by being highly dramatic or overtly seductive Tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them Seek re-assurance, praise Shallow emotions, flamboyant, self-centred

Score 7 = T 13 = T 14 = T 17 = T 21 = T 38 = T 41 = T 52 = T 53 = T

A ntisocial Personality Disorder A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of frustration Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to refer to those with antisocial personality disorder Have a lack of conscience, coldness and callousness Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others Although they can be gracious and cheerful until they get what they want e.g. Hannibal Lecter Little anxiety

Score 5 = T 21 = T 26 = T 31 = T 38 = T 40 = F 57 = T 67 = T 69 = F 80 = T

Narcissistic Personality Disorder A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a sense of self- importance

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Five of the following 1) Grandiose sense of self-importance 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate attainment 3) Belief he or she should only associate with others who are “special.”

Narcissistic Personality Disorder 4) Requirement for excessive admiration. 5) Sense of entitlement 6) Exploitation of others

Narcissistic Personality Disorder 7) Lack of empathy 8) Enviousness 9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes

Disorders of thinking and lack of contact with reality Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder

Score 4 = T 10 = T 27 = T 32 = F 38 = T 46 = T 48 = T 57 = F

Schizoid Personality Disorder A pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression Indifferent to relationships Limited social range (some are hermits) Aloof, detached, called loners No apparent need of friends, sex Solitary activities

Types of Personality Disorders A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety B) Disorders in relating with others C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with reality All disorders have some of these characteristics

10 Personality Disorders Dependent Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder

Score 8 = T 48 = T 69 = T 71 = T 76 = T

Schizotypal Personality Disorder A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior They generally engage in eccentric behavior and have difficulty concentrating for long periods of time. Like people with schizoid PD, those with shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and have a restricted range of emotions

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Their speech is often over elaborate and difficult to follow i.e. tangential, vague. May have inappropriate emotional responses (or none at all) May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost in fantasy Many believe that schizotypal personality disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but SPDs maintain basic contact with reality

Score 7 = T 22 = T 30 = T 41 = T 72 = T

Borderline Personality Disorder A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity Instability –Mood instability with bouts of severe depression, anxiety or anger –Unstable self concept with periods of extreme self-doubt and others of grandiose importance –Unstable interpersonal relationships – from idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)

Borderline Personality Disorder A tendency towards impulsive and self-destructive behaviors, and out of control emotions

Borderline Personality Disorder Five of the following: 1) Rapid mood shifts 2) Uncontrollable anger 3) Self-destructive acts

Borderline Personality Disorder 4) Self-damaging behaviors 5) Identity disturbance 6) Chronic emptiness

Borderline Personality Disorder 7) Unstable relationships –View people as all good or all bad 8) Fear of abandonment 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality

How is a diagnosis made?

DSM-IV – Categorical Approach Based on the medical model Disorder is present or absent

Advantages of Categorical System Ease in conceptualization and communication Familiarity Consistency with clinical decision making

Assumptions of the DSM Personality pathology is suited to be classified into discrete types or disorders These disorders group themselves into three clusters The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the particular personality disorders to which they have been assigned Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!

Disadvantages of the Categorical Approach Arbitrary cut-off points Loss of important information Will likely utilize a dimensional approach in DSM-V

Alternative conceptualisations of Personality Disorders Personality disorders can also be considered within the context of personality Provides a better understanding of each PD –Five Factor Model –Interpersonal Circumplex

Personality DisorderNEACO SchizotypalHighLowHigh SchizoidLow ParanoidHighLow HistrionicHigh NarcissisticHighLowHigh

Personality DisorderNEACO AntisocialHigh Low BorderlineHighLow DependentHigh AvoidantHighLow Obsessive-CompulsiveHighLowHighLow

Interpersonal Circumplex Model Posits that all personality can be captured by two primary dimensions: –Nurturance versus cold-heartedness –Dominance versus submission

Teaching Evaluation Students can still respond until 11:59 pm on Friday, June 24 athttps://sakai.rutgers.edu/