Motivation and Emotion

Basic Components of Motivation Motivation = the drive to begin or maintain behavior Motive = stimulus moves person toward behavior/goal Need = lack of something one requires or desires Drive = force that pushes a person to act Incentive= force that pulls person toward particular behavior

Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic = incentive to perform behavior for self-satisfaction Extrinsic = incentive to perform for external reward or to avoid punishment

Instinct Theory we are motivated by our innate, unlearned behaviors “Evolutionary programming” only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory behavior = motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS to maintain homeostasis (organism’s tendency to maintain a balanced state) – When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary drive = unlearned, to satisfy basic needs (food) Secondary drive = learned, but may be attached to primary ($ to buy food)

Arousal Theory Arousal = to incite to action primary need = to seek an optimum level of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law – Low arousal = lethargic/perform badly – Arousal increate = performance increases – Too much arousal = decrease performance

Humanistic Theory Proposed by Maslow Humans have needs beyond those of survival and reducing drives Need to do something important with one’s life = as important as basic biological needs Must satisfy lower needs FIRST

Complete and Share Maslow Chart

HUNGER as Motivation

Biological Basis of Hunger Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… Brain What part of the brain? The Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. If lesioned (destroyed) one will never be hungry again  Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. If lesioned one will never feel full again. 

Set Point Theory hypothalamus = acts like a thermostat Wants to maintain a stable weight. Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

Body Chemistry Theory Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

External Vs Internal Hunger Factors External – Stress – Eating habits (breakfast, lunch, dinner) – Food-related cues (eating dessert even if full) – Presence of eating cues (time of day) Internal – Hypothalamus (chemicals released in brain) – Basal metabolic rate (rate of burning food) – Body set point (weight loss or gain) – Taste sensation (taste buds react to food)

Sexual Motivation Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

Masters and Johnson Study In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight. Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research.

Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle Initial Excitement Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Heiman 4 tape study. People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction: Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender. Percentage, brothers and cities

How is Sexual Orientation Determined There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. This it is likely biologically determined.

The Brain Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

Prenatal Environment Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment. We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated. Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs. Theory Y Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive. Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict Multiple approach- avoidance conflicts

Emotion Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Say James-Lange theory is full of crap. How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states. The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. They happen at the same time but… People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli. Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc… The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages 1.Alarm 2.Resistance 3.Exhaustion