OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration

Surface Exploration 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs

Surface Exploration A.D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles Used sun, planets, tides, currents as “landmarks” A.D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles Used sun, planets, tides, currents as “landmarks”

Surface Exploration 900 A.D. Vikings North Atlantic Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland Use North Star for guidance 900 A.D. Vikings North Atlantic Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland Use North Star for guidance

Surface Exploration 1000 Chinese Invent the compass No more than magnetized needle in bowl of water Reduced fear 1000 Chinese Invent the compass No more than magnetized needle in bowl of water Reduced fear

Surface Exploration 1519 Ferdinand Magellan 1 st round-the-world sailing voyage Takes 2 years Straits of Magellan 1519 Ferdinand Magellan 1 st round-the-world sailing voyage Takes 2 years Straits of Magellan

Surface Exploration 1825 Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle Marine life on/near Galapagos Islands 1825 Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle Marine life on/near Galapagos Islands

Surface Exploration Challenger Expedition 1 st Fully scientific oceanographic expedition Salinity, temp of seawater Gives birth to Oceanography Physical, chemical, biological and geological studies Challenger Expedition 1 st Fully scientific oceanographic expedition Salinity, temp of seawater Gives birth to Oceanography Physical, chemical, biological and geological studies

Surface Exploration 1950 Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science Follows WW II 1950 Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science Follows WW II $$$

Surface Exploration 1957 Russians develop Sputnik, 1 st man-made satellite Arms race w/USA $$$ even more 1957 Russians develop Sputnik, 1 st man-made satellite Arms race w/USA $$$ even more

Surface Exploration The Future will integrate many surface systems… 2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System Weather forecasting, marine preservation The Future will integrate many surface systems… 2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System Weather forecasting, marine preservation

Undersea Exploration 1535 The Diving Bell Worn on the shoulders Stay under ~ 1 hour 1535 The Diving Bell Worn on the shoulders Stay under ~ 1 hour

Undersea Exploration 1825 William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment* Compressed air containers worn on a belt  Many were involved in SCUBA  SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS 1825 William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment* Compressed air containers worn on a belt  Many were involved in SCUBA  SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

Undersea Exploration 1934 William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down 1934 William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down O2 tanks inside, circulated by hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals

Undersea Exploration 1943 Jacques Cousteau AquaLung Safety Time below Still used today, w/some improvements 1943 Jacques Cousteau AquaLung Safety Time below Still used today, w/some improvements

Undersea Exploration 1951 Mariana Trench 7 mi down Challenger II (UK) Used sound waves = sonar 1951 Mariana Trench 7 mi down Challenger II (UK) Used sound waves = sonar

The Trieste prepares to dive: January 23, 1960

Undersea Exploration 1964 Alvin is launched Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration 1964 Alvin is launched Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration

Undersea Exploration 1976 Clelia is launched Flat bottom Better hovering ability Greater visibility More maneuverable 1976 Clelia is launched Flat bottom Better hovering ability Greater visibility More maneuverable

Undersea Exploration 1976 – Alvin discovers… Hydrothermal Vents Cracks in ocean floor Extreme environment Poisonous 400 ⁰ C WATER! 1976 – Alvin discovers… Hydrothermal Vents Cracks in ocean floor Extreme environment Poisonous 400 ⁰ C WATER!

Undersea Exploration Today LEO Long-term Ecosystem Observatory And …… MORE SEAGLIDERS ! Today LEO Long-term Ecosystem Observatory And …… MORE SEAGLIDERS !