Organic Chemistry = The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has the ability to bond with many other elements…..

SPONCH CaFe Sulfur Phosphorous Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Calcium Iron

Carbon has 4 valence electrons Therefore it can makes four bonds

Carbon atoms can form many types of bonds….

Macromolecules Composed of smaller units called monomers (mono = one) which join together to form polymers (poly = many) Macromolecules (macro = large) are very large molecules

The process of monomers joining together to form polymers is called polymerization

Four groups of organic compounds found in living things Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of Breaking down sugars supplies immediate energy for all cell activities

Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Carbohydrates Monomers = monosaccharides Ex) Glucose Polymers = Polysaccharides Ex) Starch, Cellulose

The process of monomers joining together to form polymers is called polymerization

Lipids

Lipids are fats! – Cholesterol – Oils – Steroids – Waxes

- Key component of cell membranes Lipids (Fats) - Function in energy storage

Lipids Contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms Some may also contain nitrogen and phosphorous …. That’s most of our SPONCH CaFe!

Lipids are typically made up of: A Glycerol molecule + Fatty Acid Chains Two types of lipids are: - Triglycerides - Phospholipids

Triglyercide (tri = 3) Structure: A glycerol backbone Three fatty acid chains

Why are triglycerides important? Triglycerides are used by the body to store energy! For example: When you eat a big meal, your body uses some of the energy, but also stores some of it Triglycerides can be broken down and used for energy when your body needs it (I’m hungry!)

- Contains a phosphate group - Glycerol molecule - Two fatty acid chains Phospholipid:

Polar Group - interacts with water Nonpolar Group - does not interact with water Phospholipids are made up of two groups:

“-phillic” = attraction, love “water loving” “-phobic” = fear, repelled by “water fearing”

Arrangement: Hydrophilic heads near/touching water Hydrophobic tails away from water

The two rows of phospholipids which make up a cell membrane is called the lipid bilayer (bi = two)

So in a cell, the membrane is made of phospholipids:

Lipids may be saturated or unsaturated

Saturated -Only single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms -Chains are straight Unsaturated -One double bond between two carbon atoms -Chains are bent

Saturated or unsaturated?

Nucleic Acids

Contain genetic material – Contained in the nucleus Every living thing has genetic material

Nucleic acids are made up of: – Hydrogen – Oxygen – Nitrogen – Carbon – Phosphorous

Nucleic Acids The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides

Molecular Structure of a Nucleotide

Nucleotides bond together to form polymers

Nucleic Acids May be DNA or RNA Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Do Now: What is the function of nucleic acids? What are the two types? How are they different? What is a monomer called?

Proteins

Why are Proteins Important? Regulate the rate of chemical reactions – Example: Lactose breakdown Main components of muscles and bones Transport in cells

Molecular Makeup Proteins contain the following elements: – Carbon – Oxygen – Hydrogen – Nitrogen – Sulfur (small amounts, but very important)

The monomers of proteins are called amino acids

Amino acids bond together to form polypeptides The bonds between the amino acids are called peptide bonds

A polypeptide:

Protein Folding Proteins must be folded in order to become functional

Proteins may become unfolded when they are exposed to extreme environments This is called denaturation and leaves the protein non-functional Example) High fevers can be very dangerous! Yikes!

Denaturation

Mad Cow Disease Degenerative neurological (brain) disorder The result of an incorrectly folded protein – Can then cause other proteins to fold incorrectly Can be passed on to humans through contact with infected meat or animal tissues

Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactants are the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products

CO₂ +H₂O H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) What are the reactants? What are the products?

H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) CO₂ +H₂O What are the reactants? What are the products?

Essentially, chemical reactions involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products Demo

Do Now! Identify the reactants and products in the chemical equation for photosynthesis (the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen) Photosynthesis

Chemical Reaction Activities Water bottle and balloon experiment Hand warmer experiment

Amylase

Enzymes Proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions Catalyze means to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction So, enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells

Activation Energy The energy needed to get the reaction started

Enzymes lower the activation energy

How do enzymes do this? The substrate is the reactant in the chemical reaction The active site is the region of the enzyme that the substrate binds to

Lactose Intolerance Dairy contains a protein called lactose Lactose intolerant people can’t break this protein down Lactose pills can help!

Enzymes are highly specific molecules!! Ex) Pepsin breaks down protein in the stomach Enzymes function best at certain conditions Temperature (too high or low = bad) pH (too acidic or too basic = bad) These conditions are considered optimal for enzyme activity

Enzyme Comic Design a comic that shows the function of enzymes