MEXICAN REVOLUTION THE CIVIL WAR AND US INTERVENTION

THE CIVIL WAR OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Within the Mexican Revolution, there was a civil war between the multiple controlling parties of the Revolution:

CONVENTION OF AGUASCALIENTES Reasons for the Aguascalientes: Huerta’s Rule US intervention (will be discussed later) Failure of Huerta Carranza’s Purpose: Decide provisional president Possible unification of purposes Invitations to leading revolutionaries Delegates based on troop deployments against Huerta

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS October 1, November 9, 1914 Aguascalientes neutral ground for the meeting Call went out October 1 - Delegates arrived early October Many dressed in military uniforms – armed Obregon’s Attempt at unity failed Zapata’s group was late Rebuffs Carranza/Obregon Recognizes Zapata and Villa as leaders of the revolution

NAME THAT REVOLUTIONARY:

THE LEADERS Álvaro Obregón, Provisional President Eulalio Gutíerrez, Pánfilo Natera, Ramón F. Iturbe, Guillermo García Aragón, and Eduardo Hay

THE SCHISM The divide between the two sides: Conventionalists:Constitutionalists: Villa and ZapataCarranza and Obregon Land and LibertyConstitutional Gov’t Plan de AyalaSan Luis Potosi and Land DistributionGuadalupe Convention named Eulalio Guttierrez the President Villa – Leader of the conventionalist army Carranza, from Mexico City, decried this action Called for followers to leave Constitutionalist Government moves to Veracruz

THE CIVIL WARS December 1914 – February 1917 (signing of the…) Zapata and Villa take Mexico City – December 6, 1914 A fleeting victory Agree only that they both hate Carranza Did not appreciate Carranza’s ability Carranza in Veracruz Initiated land reform Usurped the moral and public opinion The fighting gets dirty

CONVENTIONALIST BREAK DOWN Gutierrez losing touch Villa/Zapata distrustful of gov’t Loss of public support Gutierrez Flees to Nuevo Leon to start new Gov’t Zapata and Villa separating in ideology Villa’s armies failing in the North Obregon and his armies succeeding in the West Battle of Celaya – April 1915 April – June 1915 Zapatistas support new president Villa claims presidency while controlling Chiuahua Carranza governing from Veracruz

DIVIDE AND CONQUER Carranza’s Success: Obregon’s Superior Military Planning Red Battalions Union Laborers hired as Soldiers and nurses Isolated Zapatistas/Villistas lacked unified support U.S. Supports Carranza diplomatic Recognition October 1915 Summer of 1915, support swings as Carranza consolidates control Agua Prieta – U.S. assists Carranza’ defeat of Villa Pre-empted the end of the Division del Norte Infuriates Pancho Villa

PANCHO VILLA’S REVENGE Payback for U.S. Betrayal at Agua Prieta Santa Isabel, Mexico - January 6, American Mine Workers carrying constitutionalist passes killed Columbus, New Mexico - March 9, 1916 Terrorized town for two hours 18 dead Americans Town burned down Call for U.S. intervention in Mexico in U.S. Congress immediate

JOHN J. “BLACK JACK” PERSHING “Punitive Expedition” of around 10,000 men Pushed into the harsh deserts of Mexico First real military action since…. March 16, 1916 – February 5, 1917 Patrolled up to 400 miles into Mexico by April Diplomatic Wrangling between Wilson and Carranza to allow the expedition Supply lines were tight Telegraph wires consistently cut Carranza’s Attacks June 21, 7 killed, 7 wounded 21 taken hostage for a short time War imminent since Diplomacy wins out – Pershing stops pushing deep

U.S. BEGINS EXTRACTION June 3, 1916 – U.S. orders 100,000+ National Guardsmen patrol the Mexico-U.S. border U.S. not chasing Villa Protecting against Carranza’s aggression February 5, 1917 – Last U.S. Troops removed from Mexico