Reasons for the Commandments The Guide of the Perplexed Rambam.

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Presentation transcript:

Reasons for the Commandments The Guide of the Perplexed Rambam

The Guide Part I – God is not corporeal Part II – Creation (13-31) Prophecy (32-48) Part III – מעשה מרכבה (1-7) Providence (8-24) The Reasons for the Commandments (25-49) Conclusion (49-53)

The Reasons for the Commandments (25-49) Introduction Categories of Mizvot

Chapter 25 Everything in the world must make sense.

How would you classify different types of Actions? What kind’s of actions does God perform?

Four Categories of Actions Vain Futile Frivolous Good – end is not achieved “I tired myself in vain.” - no end at all ex. playing with hands - something not very useful is aimed at Ex. exercise, telling jokes - achieves a noble and useful end וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד

Biblical Proofs that God Acts with Wisdom כֹּל אֲשֶׁר חָפֵץ יְהֹוָה עָשָׂה. וְנַפְשׁוֹ אִוְּתָה וַיָּעַשׂ. בַּאֲשֶׁר דְּבַר מֶלֶךְ שִׁלְטוֹן וּמִי יֹאמַר לוֹ מַה תַּעֲשֶׂה. These verses address God’s unlimited ABILITY not will. מָה רַבּוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ יְהֹוָה כֻּלָּם בְּחָכְמָה עָשִׂיתָ וְכָל מַעֲשֵׂהוּ בֶּאֱמוּנָה יְהֹוָה בְּחָכְמָה יָסַד אָרֶץ כּוֹנֵן שָׁמַיִם בִּתְבוּנָה

Book III, Chapter 26 Applying what we learned in chapter 25 about God’s acts (that they are done with wisdom and not just because) to God’s commandments

Do all commandments have reasons? No – some or all are consequent upon will alone Yes – they are all consequent upon wisdom ואת חקתי תשמרו - דברים שהשטן ואומות העולם משיבים עליהן, ואלו הן: אכילת חזיר, ולבישת שעטנז, וחליצת יבמה, וטהרת מצורע, ושעיר המשתלח. ושמא תאמר מעשה תוהו הם - תלמוד לומר (ויקרא יח) אני ה' - אני ה' חקקתיו, ואין לך רשות להרהר בהן. מִשְׁפְּטֵי יְהֹוָה אֱמֶת צָדְקוּ יַחְדָּו וּמִי גּוֹי גָּדוֹל אֲשֶׁר לוֹ חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים צַדִּיקִם

Why don’t we know reasons for some commandments? Deficiency of our knowledge Incapacity of our intellects Hidden knowledge ואמר רבי יצחק: מפני מה לא נתגלו טעמי תורה - שהרי שתי מקראות נתגלו טעמן נכשל בהן גדול העולם. כתיב (דברים י"ז) לא ירבה לו נשים, אמר שלמה: אני ארבה ולא אסור, וכתיב (מלכים א' י"א) ויהי לעת זקנת שלמה נשיו הטו את לבבו. וכתיב (דברים י"ז) לא ירבה לו סוסים, ואמר שלמה: אני ארבה ולא אשיב וכתיב (מלכים א' י"א /י'/) ותצא מרכבה ממצרים בשש וגו'.

Guide III: 49 “I have now dealt one by one with all the commandments included in these classes and we have draws attention to the reasons for them. There are only a few and some slight details for which I have not given reasons, even though in truth we have virtually given reasons also for these to him who is attentive and comprehending.”

Goals of the Mizvot in General Welfare of the soul Welfare of the body The masses should acquire correct beliefs Explicitly Through parables Stop hurting each other Acquire moral qualities Comes First greater nobility Only in a summary manner Beliefs that are necessary for the abolition of reciprocal wrongdoing or for the acquisition of a noble moral quality

רמב"ם הלכות יסודי התורה פרק ב How does one love God? (p. 45) הלכה א האל הנכבד והנורא הזה מצוה לאהבו וליראה אותו שנאמר ואהבת את ה' אלהיך, ונאמר את ה' אלהיך תירא. הלכה ב והיאך היא הדרך לאהבתו ויראתו, בשעה שיתבונן האדם במעשיו וברואיו הנפלאים הגדולים ויראה מהן חכמתו שאין לה ערך ולא קץ מיד הוא אוהב ומשבח ומפאר ומתאוה תאוה גדולה לידע השם הגדול, כמו שאמר דוד צמאה נפשי לאלהים לאל חי, וכשמחשב בדברים האלו עצמן מיד הוא נרתע לאחוריו ויפחד ויודע שהוא בריה קטנה שפלה אפלה עומדת בדעת קלה מעוטה לפני תמים דעות, כמו שאמר דוד כי אראה שמיך מעשה אצבעותיך מה אנוש כי תזכרנו, ולפי הדברים האלו אני מבאר כללים גדולים ממעשה רבון העולמים כדי שיהיו פתח למבין לאהוב את השם, כמו שאמרו חכמים בענין אהבה שמתוך כך אתה מכיר את מי שאמר והיה העולם.

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