Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Period I: 8000 bce – 600 bce Neolithic Metal Ages Early River Civilizations Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley Yellow River AP World History

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Neolithic Transition to Farming Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture Before History

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Early Farming Communities Domestication of plants & animals Emergence of larger settlements Mostly egalitarian Little excess goods Local trade Neolithic Transition to Farming

Results Demographics: increased births, increased disease, increased infant mortality. Nutrition: decreased variety of foodstuffs, decrease in fresh food, decreased nursing of infants, decreased nutrition. Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Early Agricultural Society, ~4000 bce Emergence of cities Specialization of labor Social distinctions Transition to Intensive Agriculture

Copyright ©2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Origins of Urban Life in Agriculture Irrigation = Agriculture Emergence of Cities = “civilization” class hierarchies specialization of labor crafts, technology, writing market economy armies trade networks Transition to Intensive Agriculture

Early Civilizations Monumental Architecture pyramids, temples, ziggurats Urban Planning streets, defensive walls, plumbing

Achievements  Promotion of the Arts sculpture, painting, wall decor, weaving  Systems of record-keeping cuneiform, hieroglyphs, pictographs, alphabets  Legal Codes Hammurabi  New religious beliefs Hinduism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism