EXTRAEMBRYONIC ADAPTATIONS 1

Extraembryonic structures may be acellular or cellular. Extraembryonic - structures that assist embryonic development, but that in most cases (there is one exception) don’t form functional structures in the juvenile or adult. Extraembryonic structures are generally left behind at hatching or birth, or they are reabsorbed shortly thereafter. Extraembryonic structures may be acellular or cellular. 2

Acellular extraembryonic structures associated with the egg/zygote: Secondary oocyte of hampster from which the cumulus cells have been removed by treatment with hyaluronidase. http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2004/big_pictures/mar/spawn0503.html 3

Acellular extraembryonic structures associated with the avian egg/zygote: 4

Cellular extra-embryonic structures. Extraembryonic structures are more complex in higher vertebrates - amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals) 5

Purposes of extraembryonic structures: Acellular extraembryonic structures (vitelline/fertilization membrane, zona pellucida, jelly layers, albumin, shell, shell membranes) 1. Aid in preventing polyspermy 2. Create an axenic (bacteria free) environment for development. 3. May deter predation 4. Protect from mechanical damage 5. Prevent dehydration (birds, reptiles) 6

Purposes of extraembryonic structures: Cellular extraembryonic structures (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois) 1. Actively participate in gaseous transport (oxygen, CO2) to and from embryo. (chorion, allantois) 2. Actively participate in transport of nutrients to embryo. (birds & reptiles- yolk sac, mammals - chorion, allantois [sometimes (e.g. pig embryos) the yolk sac during early development]) 3. Actively participate in storage or transport of metabolic waste. (birds & reptiles - allantois, mammals - chorion, allantois) 4. Source of primordial germ cells (yolk sac mesoderm) 5. Source of early blood stem cells (yolk sac extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm) 7

Origin of the somatopleure and splanchnopleure 8

Amnion - extraembryonic ectoderm + extraembryonic somatic mesoderm = Amnion - extraembryonic ectoderm + extraembryonic somatic mesoderm = ......................................................................extraembryonic somatopleure Chorion - extraembryonic ectoderm + extraembryonic somatic mesoderm = ......................................................................extraembryonic somatopleure Yolk sac - extraembryonic endoderm + extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm = ....................................................................extraembryonic splanchnopleure Allanois -extraembryonic endoderm + extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm = ....................................................................extraembryonic splanchnopleure Germ layer origin of the cellular extraembryonic membranes of amniotes. 9

Effect of increasing yolk volume on development 10

Formation of extraembryonic membranes in chickens (amniotes) The head fold 11

12

Seroamniotic folds Seroamniotic folds 13

38 hr chicken embryo 38 hr chicken embryo transverse section sagittal section 38 hr chicken embryo transverse section sagittal section 14

48-55 hr chicken embryo, sagittal view 15

1 2 1 2 3 Allantois The Allantois 1 16

72 hr chicken embryo 72 hr chicken embryo sagittal section transverse section 72 hr chicken embryo 72 hr chicken embryo sagittal section transverse section 17