Early Society in South Asia BCE Harappan Society & Indo-European Migrations K.M.H.S. AP World History S. Farbacher

Geographic Barriers Khyber Pass

Concepts & Terms PanchatantraTamilsKushansKautliyaGurus

Indo-European Languages Not Indo- European

Essential Questions How did geographic location impact Harappa? What attributed to the demise of Harappan Dravidian society? What was the impact of the Indo- European invaders? How were the Upanishads a blending of Aryan and Dravidian values?

Harappa & Mohenjo-daro Harappa & Mohenjo-daro

Indus Valley Civilization Harappa & Mohenjo-daro Twin fortified cities COMPLEX SOCIETY OF DRAVIDIANS Standardized weights & measures Un-translated written language Trade with Mesopotamia 2300 B.C.E. Declined > 2000 B.C.E. Possible causes: Ecological degradation Ecological degradation Floods / earthquakes Floods / earthquakes

Indo-European Migrations

Indo-European Migrants Aryans> Caucasus & Caspian Sea Linguistic relationships: Indo-Iranian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, Celtic Indo-Iranian, Greek, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, CelticMigrations: Tarim Basin 4000 B.C.E. [Central Asia] Anatolia [Hittites] 3000 B.C.E. Central & Western Europe 2000 B.C.E. Dorian Greeks & Etruscans Dorian Greeks & Etruscans

North

Aryans

Indo-Europeans & India Aryan migrants Pastoral nomads Pastoral nomads Light skinnedLight skinned Migration into India First into Indus Valley & Punjab Himalaya to Ganges 1000 B.C.E. Lost tribal affiliations – est. local kingdoms

Indo-Europeans & India VEDIC AGE Culture clash with indigenous people [Dravidians] DARK SKINNED CALLED DASAS BY ARYANS Warrior culture clashes with sedentary agriculturalists Indra [Aryan war god] a military hero against-Dasas Indra [Aryan war god] a military hero against-Dasas

Religion of Vedic Age SPIRITUALITY Dissatisfaction with ritual Shift to spiritual contemplation Retreat to isolation [hermits] Adapted Dravidian: TransmigrationReincarnation

Rig Veda

Caste System & Social Mobility Hereditary caste Difficult to change [becomes more rigid later] Promoted social harmony Jati rules of behavior strictly adhered to by society Foreign people could find a place in caste system Based on Jati sub caste

Caste System

The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is called the "caste system." The chart shows the major divisions and contents of the system. Basic caste is called varna, or "color." Sub-caste, or jâti, "birth, life, rank," is a traditional subdivision of varna.

Caste & Patriarchy Lawbook of Manu Anonymous Anonymous Moral behavior & social relationships Advised men: Treat women with respect & honor Advised women: Subservient to men Bear children/maintain home Bear children/maintain home SATI [social custom] Burn widow on husband’s funeral pyre Burn widow on husband’s funeral pyre

Blending Aryan & Dravidian UPANISHADS Religious teachings B.C.E. Religious forums/dialogues BRAHMAN “Universal Soul” ATMAN- individual soul Highest goal Escape reincarnation Escape reincarnation Join with Brahman Join with Brahman MokshaMoksha

Reincarnation

UPANISHAD TEACHINGS SAMSARA Cycle of birth & deathCycle of birth & deathKARMA Specific incarnationsSpecific incarnations –actions invest in future incarnations MOKSHA Permanent liberation from physical incarnationPermanent liberation from physical incarnation Religion & Vedic Society Reinforced social hierarchy Promoted high ethical standards Respect for all living things AHIMSA Vegetarian diet

SamsaraBrahmanKrishnaShiva

Vedas to Hinduism

Enduring Question Remember the political, economic, and cultural tendencies of India in this time period and be prepared to make detailed connections with other cultures as this course progresses.