Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Nanoscale Heat Transfer by Quantum Mechanics Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong 1

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Introduction Over the past few decades, classical heat transfer theory has been unable to explain observations at the nanoscale  nanoparticles in medicine  reduced thermal conductivity in thin films  enhanced heat transfer in nanofluids  redshift in galaxy light by cosmic dust 2

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Current Approach To explain observations, Fourier heat conduction is modified by treatment of phonons as quanta in the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) Problems between BTE theory and experiment avoided by hand waving Can quantum mechanics (QM) explain observations? 3

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco QM and Specific Heat Specific heat capacity of the atom vanishes. Vanishing specific heat revises our classical understanding that absorbed EM energy does not increase the body temperature!!! 4

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco QM - Harmonic Oscillator 5 NPs eV = 2D NP

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Conservation of EM Energy Absorbed EM energy cannot be conserved by increase in temperature Instead, higher energy QED photons are created by frequency up - conversion to the fundamental resonance of the nanostructure Similar to the QED creation of photons of wavelength  by supplying EM energy to a QM box having sides separated by  / 2. QED = quantum electrodynamics 6

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco QED Induced Heat Transfer 7 Non Thermal Emission E = Photon Planck Energy dN/dt = Photon Rate

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change EM Emissio n = 2Dn r Molecular Collisions Nanofluids Laser/Solar/Supernovae Photons Tribochemistry Rubbing Residual kT Energy Thin Films Joule Heat NP QED Applications 8

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Presentation Outline Present QED heat transfer in thin films as a typical and common application Explain how other areas of physics can be interpreted by QED heat transfer NPs in medicine NPs in Big Bang Theory 9

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Over the past 30 years, heat transfer in thin films has been based on classical methods. However, for films less than about 100 nm, classical heat transfer cannot explain the reduced thermal conductivity found in experiments. 10 * See T. Prevenslik, “Heat Transfer in Thin Films,” Third Int. Conf. on Quantum, Nano and Micro Technologies, ICQNM 2009, February 1-6, Cancun, 2009: and proceedings of MNHMT09 Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Conference December 18-21, 2009, Shanghai. Thin Films*

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Experimental Data Bulk Copper 11

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco QED Heat Transfer 12 QED Heat Transfer Q Cond = Q Joule - Q QED ~ 0 K eff  T = (Q Joule - Q QED ) (  f +  S ) / A  T small, K eff ~ Bulk Q QED Q Cond TT Current Approach Q Cond = Q Joule K eff  T = Q cond (  f +  S )/A  T large, K eff small Q Joule Effective Conductivity K eff = [K f /  f + K S /  S ] / (  f +  S ) Film Substrate ff SS KfKf KSKS

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco QED Estimate 13

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco Conclusions Thin film specific heat vanishes. Film temperatures follow the substrate. PWR fuel rod cladding simulated in ANSYS by coupling clad temperatures with substrate. No need to modify bulk conductivity for thin films 14

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Medicine NPs offer significant technological advancements as antibacterial agents in food processing, reducing infections in burn treatment, and treating cancer tumors. However, NPs have a darkside 15 Over the past few decades, experiments have shown NPs cause apoptosis/cell death and single and double strand breaks in the DNA.

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Medicine* NPs in body fluids produce EM radiation beyond the UV from collisions of water molecules that by QED induced radiation provide: Bactericidal action But also damage the DNA * “Nanoparticle Induced DNA Damage,” IEEE Nanomed 2009, Oct. 18-and 21, Tainan, Taiwan; “DNA Damage by Nanoparticles,” Proc. ASME2010 First Global Conf. NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology NEMB2010 February 7-10, 2010, Houston 16

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Medicine 17 UV NP

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Medicine NPs < 100 nm produce UV radiations act as bactericidal agents but also damage DNA and increase the risk of further cancer. Lasers are not necessary to damage DNA. The EM energy required to produce UV radiation is the thermal kT energy of surrounding solution molecules 18

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in the Big Bang Theory In 1929, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy light that based on the Doppler Effect showed the Universe is expanding. However, cosmic dust particles which are submicron NPs permeate space also redshift galaxy light by non-Doppler shift. 19

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Big bang Theory 20

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco NPs in Big Bang Theory The redshift Z = ( o - )/ occurs without the Universe expanding. Dark energy to explain a Universe that is not expanding need not be discovered Return to a static Universe once proposed by Einstein is suggested. 21

Fifth Int. Conf. Thermal Eng. – Theory & Applications - May 10-14, Marrakesh Morroco 22 At the nanoscale, QM trumps classical heat transfer Conclusion Questions and Papers