Warm-Up Questions 1.) What was the purpose of the “Black Codes” passed in the South early in Reconstruction? a.) Guarantee a minimum wage for former slaves b.) Force former slaves to move to cities and work in industry c.) Restrict the rights of former slaves d.) Offer financial assistance to African Americans who had fought in the Civil War 2.) What was Abraham Lincoln’s main goal when the Civil War began? a.) To abolish slaveryb.) To punish the South c.) To restore the Uniond.) To bring an end to the war 3.) Which of the following abolished slavery in the North? a.) The Gettysburg Addressb.) Thirteenth Amendment c.) Compromise of 1850d.) Emancipation Proclamation 4.) What event increased the importance of slavery in the 19 th century? a.) The building of a national railroadb.) Election of a Southern President c.) The Industrial Revolutiond.) Invention of the Cotton Gin 5.) Where did the largest American victory happen in the War of 1812? a.) New Orleansb.) Washingtonc.) Saratogad.) Gettysburg 6.) When John Marshall was Chief Justice, United States Supreme Court decisions tended to strengthen the power of… a.) The national governmentb.) state and local government c.) labor unionsd.) trusts and monopolies 7.) Which President was known as the Common Man’s President? _________________

Settling the “The Wild, Wild West” 4.1 – Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced Describe the innovations in agricultural technology & business practices & assess their impact on the West.

Geography of the West Towns in Missouri were thought to be the end before the frontier Frontier – unsettled land in western United States The West is considered states beyond the Rocky Mountains like Oregon, California, etc. There are deserts, mountains, rivers, lakes, basins, plateaus, mesas, and even a volcano in the West

Open Range Great Plains area miles wide from states west of the Mississippi River to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains - No boundaries to man or cattle - Good for cattle raising and wheat - Open ranges were unfenced grazing lands - Low population

Go West, Why? Before the Civil War, the South did not want the land in the West settled – They feared more non-slave territories Government decided it was time to settle the West by offering free land Homestead Act – encouraged settlement of the west, gave 160 acres of land to settlers if they improved the land and lived on it for five years Many African Americans settled in Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois after the Civil War Railroads were growing and it was easier to travel West on them than it was to travel East Innovation of the transcontinental railroad had the greatest impact on westward migration immediately after the civil war

Influence of Railroads Railroads helped settle the West Trains carried resources like: minerals, timber, crops, and cattle to the East coast Trains also carried miners, ranchers, and farmers to settle the West Native Americans did not like the trains – Train routes often went through the routes of the animals they hunted or even through their own lands

Railroads - Linked east to west - Slaughtered millions of buffalo - Shipped cattle -Chinese and Irish immigrants did most of the labor to build the railroads -Federal government gave the railroad companies free land to build on Union Pacific & Central Pacific Railroads come together at Promontory Point, Utah (Transcontinental Railroad)

Cattle Drives At first many thought cattle could not survive in the west. Water was scarce and eastern cattle could not survive off tough prairie grasses Cattle ranching made big money for 20 years – Longhorn cattle - most common type of cattle Ranchers hired cowhands to drive cattle from Texas to Kansas on the Chisholm Trail and others Vaqueros – 1 st cowhands came from Mexico Cattle was put on trains & sent east Cattle driving was very difficult - you had to keep the cows or “the money” together Chisholm Trail – Path that cowboys used to drive cattle to a railroad line for sale Obstacles were: nature, thieves, & Native Americans

Longhorn Cattle

-Too many cattle - Overgrazing - Prices fall - Diseases -Weather -Droughts -Blizzards -Barbed wire fences blocked open range - Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire - Cheaper than other fencing - Ranchers saw barbed wire as a threat at first because it kept their cattle from roaming freely Decline of Cattle

Mining in the West Gold has struck again in Nevada, Colorado, and South Dakota Comstock Lode: A rich deposit of Silver was found in Virginia City, Nevada People raced to go to these areas Boomtowns appeared due to gold strikes Boomtown – a town that has a sudden burst of population and economic growth When the gold and other mined resources ran out people moved to the next town Boomtowns became ghost towns

Mining Life -Large mix of people -Many opportunities for everyone -Saloons, gambling - Hard luck

Challenges in the West Many challenges faced the people who moved West – There were no trees, so houses were built from sod (thick grass) – Had to dig wells for water – Blizzards, hailstorms, tornados, drought – Prairie fires – Insects ate crops New inventions helped some of the challenges – Steel plow – helped farming and built sod houses – Windmills – helped pump water from wells – Barbed wire – kept cattle in or out – Reapers and threshers – helped harvest crops

Life on the Farm - Sod houses (soddies) - Very few trees - Houses were dirt -Weather extremes - Dust storms - Drought - Very isolated

Closing the Frontier Fenced in fields replaced open plains Oklahoma Land Rush – In Oklahoma, thousands of people rushed at the sound of a gun shot to claim land for themselves (2 million acres were sold) The frontier meant opportunity for many – You could make something of yourself if you moved West – You could start a new life – A good day was a day of good, hard work

The Frontier Thesis Fredrick Jackson Turner wrote an essay called “The Frontier Thesis” about the disappearance of the open frontier

Western Cities Cities grew for a few reasons – Gold and precious mineral strikes – A “refueling” or supply renewal point – Railroad stops Many cities did not have formal laws or government – Cities and towns were rough – Some people took the law into their own hands – Vigilance committees were self appointed volunteers who made up their own rules to track and punish wrongdoers

Legends of adventure Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Wyatt Earp Jesse James Billy the Kid “Dime novels” were stories that told western tales that usually involved cowboy’s exaggerated tales of daring “Wild West” only lasted about 30 years The Wild West

How the West Has Influenced Our Lives (Not in Notes) Cowboy boots & hats Blue Jeans Leather goods (bags, coats, vests, suspenders, etc.) Home remedies (Hiccups – drink water while standing on your head) Saddles Stories (Buffalo Bill, Calamity Jane, Jesse James) Movies, books, poems, songs Railroad growth and travel Food - apples, potatoes, salt water taffy Activities – rodeos, card games, bull riding Patterned clothing Treasure hunts Pony Express – the 1 st post office Bandanas

Assignment -“Settling the West” Worksheet - Vocabulary Words - Comstock Lode -Chisholm Trail -Barbed Wire -Dime Novels -Promontory Point, Utah -Homestead Act -Fredrick J. Turner