Positive feedback loops Uterine contractions, oxytocin hormone Greenhouse effect example (CO2 gasses)

Ch40 Review Lacunae of cartilage and bone house chondrocytes and osteocytes

Books and scientific info on scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) own.net/scurvy1.htmhttp:// own.net/scurvy1.htm yberry.htmlhttp://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/658/Ma yberry.html

Ch. 41 Digestion Under nourished Over nourished Malnourished Name and Identify the parts of the digestive system. Why is this a more advantageous arrangement than a gastrovascular cavity?

CHAPTER 41 DIGESTION

Why eat? 1. Fuel for work 2. Raw materials for biosynthesis 3. Essential nutrients –(substances the body cannot make for itself) –There are four types of essential nutrients: amino acids(8), fatty acids, vitamins(13), minerals

Intracellular Digestion Extracellular Digestion Sac Digestion

8 Essential Amino Acids what does this mean?

Minerals vs. Vitamins? Main minerals and their functions? –S P ONCH Ca K and (Fe, Mg, Na)

Common disorders Rickets: Vitamin D deficiency Beriberi: Scurvy: Vision: Water soluble vs. Fat soluble? (A D E K) 13 Essential Vitamins Table(41.1)

Extracellular Digestion: Tube or Alimentary canal Specialized com- partments for specialized digestion

Fig.41.11

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MOUTH Chemical & mechanical digestion Salivary glands Mucin Amylase pH: slightly basic Minor digestion of carbohydrates To swallow food we use 22 muscles (

Stomach: Hormone: Gastrin pH 2: acid (HCl) Pepsinogen/Pepsin plet/pepsin.html plet/pepsin.html Gastric pits Proteins digested Mucus Acid Chyme

Small Intestine : duodenum, jejunum, ileum 6 meters long pH: ~7.4 Digests: carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids (ALL) Enzymes: …

Small Intestine: Absorption Large surface area. The dia. ~ 20 feet!!

Duodenum Made in the: Also aminopeptidase (made in the intestine) FYI: Trypsin breaks chains at Lys, Arg Chymotrypsin breaks chains at Phe, Trp, Tyr

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin How do the enzymes aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase work?

Bile how bile and other detergents work: chm/vchembook/558deter gent.html chm/vchembook/558deter gent.html After absorption a.a. & sugars go directly to the Liver- WHY?

What are the 4 accessory glands of Digestion? Large Intestine? enteropeptidase

Large intestine Large intestine absorbs 7 L of water / day

Large Intestine (colon): 1.5 meters long Absorption of water and some vitamins (vit K, B, folic acid, biotin) E.coli

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Digestion Hormones Stomach:Stomach: –Gastrin: secreted in response to protein and food in the stomach Duodenum:Duodenum: –Secretin: stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate, to neutralize acid chyme(7.4), secretin is made by duodenum –CCK= Cholecystokinin: stimulates pancreas & gall bladder to secrete enzymes –Enterogastrones: peristalsis inhibitor especially due to high fat meal

TEETH Clues to diet choices

Vegetarian Diet: Rumenates (4-part stomach), longer tract, no bile salts, most have symbiotic organisms

Homeostasis: Blood Glucose (0.1%) fig41.1 PANCREAS: Insulin, Glucagon Example: Negative Feedback loop