CHAPTER 22 NOTES (PAGE 638) EXPLORING SPACE ***Look in your book for definitions and explanations if needed.

I. RADIATION FROM SPACE A. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (RADIATION)

RADIATION (CONT.) 1. GAMMA RAYS 2. X-RAYS 3. ULTRAVIOLET WAVES 4. VISIBLE LIGHT ROY G BIV

RADIATION (CONT.) 5. INFRARED WAVES 6. MICROWAVES 7. RADIO WAVES

***All seven types of radiation travel at the speed of light 300,000 km/sec in a vacuum

B. Energy Waves ALL ENERGY FROM THE SUN TRAVELS BY WAVES (SEE DIAGRAM)

ENERGY WAVES (CONT.) CREST=THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE WAVE TROUGH=LOWEST POINT OF THE WAVE WAVELENGTH=FROM CREST TO CREST OF WAVE FREQUENCY=# OF WAVES THAT PASS A PT. PER SEC.

II. TELESCOPES A. REFRACTING B. REFLECTING C. RADIO

D. LIGHT POLLUTION A GLOW IN THE SKY CAUSED BY CITY LIGHTS; INTERFERES WITH OBSERVING OBJECTS IN SPACE

III. SPACE EXPLORATION

A. Newton’s 3 rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

B. SPUTNIK I C. SPACE PROBES- instrument sent into space to gather data and sent it back to Earth

1. Pioneer 10 Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to fly by Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. It later became the first human-made object to cross the orbit of Pluto.

2. Voyager 1 & 2 Now traveling through the outer solar system after gathering data from the outer planets

3. Galileo Probe Galileo plunged into Jupiter's crushing atmosphere on Sept. 21, The spacecraft was deliberately destroyed to protect one of its own discoveries - a possible ocean beneath the icy crust of the moon Europa.

D. RACE TO THE MOON 1.PROJECT MERCURY- first U.S. space program; provided experience in basic space flight (one astronaut each flight)

Mercury Astronauts

2. Project Gemini Teams of 2 astronauts orbited Earth and practiced working in space; first space walk during this time

3. PROJECT APOLLO Astronauts reached and landed on the moon; 6 moon landings in all

4. The Moon The moon is Earth's closest celestial neighbor. It governs the tides (the sun plays a small part, but not nearly as much as the Moon). It is responsible for eclipses.

a. Solar Eclipse When the moon casts a shadow on the Earth.

b. Lunar Eclipse When the Earth casts a shadow on the moon.

IV. SPACE SHUTTLE AND THE FUTURE

A. SPACE SHUTTLE Reusable spacecraft; transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space; can hold up to 10 astronauts

B. SPACE STATION 1.SKY LAB-U. S. station launched in MIR-Russian station used until recently 3. INTERNATIONAL- newest station, still being built

C. MISSION MARS Research stages at this point may take as long as years before a mission takes place to Mars

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